Table 2.
Comparisons of results for the cognitive assessment of episodic memory, semantic memory, fluency and executive functions between cognitively normal older adults and patients with AD.
| Cognitively normal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| older individuals | AD | z | p | |
| Episodic memory | ||||
| RL-RL16 (±SD) | 26.30 (±10.04) | 10.70 (±7.50) | 4.15 | ∗∗∗ |
| Semantic memory | ||||
| DO80 (±SD) | 79.40 (±0.83) | 73.57 (±5.14) | 4.07 | ∗∗∗ |
| Fluency | ||||
| Categorical fluency test (±SD) | 28.93 (±6.64) | 12.79 (±6.15) | 4.39 | ∗∗∗ |
| Lexical fluency test (±SD) | 26.00 (±7.94) | 11.07 (±4.27) | 4.53 | ∗∗∗ |
| Processing speed | ||||
| Stroop reading (±SD) | 76.87 (±44.29) | 246.90 (±141.90) | –3.51 | ∗∗∗ |
| Executive functions | ||||
| Inhibition | ||||
| Stroop interference (±SD) | 1.01 (±0.73) | 2.00 (±1.83) | –1.51 | ns |
| Shifting | ||||
| TMT B-(±SD) | 102 (±38.65) | 117 (±183.72) | –3.20 | ∗∗ |
| Planning | ||||
| Zoo (±SD) | 2.33 (±0.62) | 1.44 (±1.09) | 2.33 | ∗ |
| Time estimation | 42.48 (±24.97) | 132.50 (±160.40) | –2.35 | ∗ |
SD = standard deviation. Mann–Whitney U or Chi2 test significance = ∗p < 0.05; ∗∗p < 0.01; ∗∗∗p < 0.001; ns = non-significant. For information, only eight patients achieved the TMT.