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. 2019 Feb 12;12:34. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00034

FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 1

Examples of different clinical imaging techniques available for investigating the involvement of ChPs in brain disorders. (A) 3D reconstruction of ChP located within lateral ventricles space [red, before lumbar puncture (LP), and gray, after LP] in a patient with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (Lublinsky et al., 2018); (B) ChP iron deposition (arrows on hypointense signals) detected by susceptibility-weighted MRI in a patient who had received both ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide (USPIOs) 2 years earlier and multiple blood transfusions since (Daldrup-Link, 2017); (C) signal-time curves extracted in the ChP from dynamic susceptibility contras-enhanced MRI data: the yellow curve represents the mean signal calculated from all the pixels in the ChP volume, while the blue and red curves represent, respectively, the curve with lowest and highest baseline. After first passage of the gadolinium bolus (signal drop), the choroidal signals visually exceed the baseline which indicates gadolinium chelate extravasation into the ChP stroma (Bouzerar et al., 2013); (D) PET/CT images showing the normal ChP uptake of [68Ga]-DOTA-E-[c(RGDfK)]2 targeting αvβ3 integrin (This research was originally published in JNM. Lopez-Rodriguez et al., 2016); (E) in vivo imaging using the Tau tracer [18F]AV-1451 showing high retention in AD patient and post-mortem ChP histopathology showing immunoreactivity in epithelial cells (pink color) with antibodies against pan-Tau in AD but not in normal control (NC) (Ikonomovic et al., 2016); (F) MRI and translocator protein (TSPO) labeling [11C]PBR28 PET images in a patient with left-sided temporal lobe epilepsy showing higher uptake in ipsilateral than in contralateral side in the ChP of lateral ventricles (red arrow) and hippocampus (black arrow) (This research was originally published in JNM. Hirvonen et al., 2012); (G) in vivo MRI using the very small particles of iron oxide (VSOP) and post-mortem Prussian Blue staining in a rat model of multiple sclerosis: VSOP (circles) was detected in the inflamed ChP at peak disease (Millward et al., 2013).