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. 2019 Feb 18;9:2194. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-38545-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The effects of bladder filling on HRV characteristics. (a) Bladder filling did not significantly impact heart rate across the three cohorts expect following micturition (or void; V). When compared to MC, healthy controls at V display a decrease in heart rate; this drop in heart rate is not observed in dysmenorrheic or BPS participants. (b,d) Bladder filling did not significantly impact RMSSD or HF-HRV across all three cohorts. (c) Bladder filling had a dynamic effect on LF-HRV in all groups. Both healthy controls and dysmenorrhea participants display a similar pattern during the bladder fill. In contrast, BPS participants have a lower and distinct LF-HRV pattern during bladder fill. Data are represented as mean ± SEM. Data related to panels B–D were log₁₀ transformed for normal distribution. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.005 (Dysmenorrhea vs Healthy Controls). ^#p < 0.05, ^##p < 0.01, ^###p < 0.005 (BPS vs Healthy Controls).