Table VI.

Comparison of patient outcomes, eligibility criteria, and biopsy frequency in cohorts of patients in active surveillance

Institution	No. of patients	Differences in entry criteria	Median age, y	Median follow-up, mo	Triggers for active treatment	Active treatment-free survival	Cancer- specific survival, %
UCSF (19)	810	<33% positive cores,≤50% of core involvement	62 (mean)	60	Biopsy every 12-24 mo, based on clinical risk	60% at 5 y	100
Four North American centers (20)	262	GPS ≤3 + 3, ≤3 positive cores	64	29	Biopsy after 18 mo and then every 1-3 y, prompted by a change in clinical status	91% at 2 y; 75% at 5 y	100
Miami (21)	230	<3 positive cores; ≤20% of core involvement	63 (mean)	44 (mean)	Biopsy every 12 mo	85.7% at 5 y	100
Sunnybrook (22)	993	Low-risk GPS 3 + 4 or PSA <15 in older 70s	68	82	PSA; biopsy after 12 mo then at 3-4 y	75.7% at 5 y; 3.5% at 10 y; 55% at 15 y	98.1 at 10 y; 94.3 at 15 y
JHU (23)	1,298	PSAD<0.15; <3 positive cores; ≤50% of core involvement; low risk (18% patients)	66	60	Biopsy every 12 mo	59% at 5 y; 41% at 10 y	99.9 at 15 y
PRIAS (13)	5,302	PSAD<0.2; <3 positive cores; GPS 3 + 4 (1% patients)	65.9	19	PSA; biopsy after 1-4-7 y and yearly if PSA DT in the range 3-10 y	48% at 5 y; 27% at 10 y	99 at 10 y
Goteborg (24)	439	≤2 adjacent cores; <2 mm core involvement	65	72	PSA; DRE; biopsy (confirmatory then not regulated)	61.8% at 5 y; 45.4% at 10 y	99.7
Royal Marsden (25)	471	PSA <15 ng/mL; GPS ≤3 + 4; ≤50% positive cores	66	68	PSA; biopsy (GPS ≤4 + 3)	70% at 5 y	99.6
Copenhagen (26)	167	≤3 positive cores; ≤50% of core involvement	65	41	PSA; biopsy (confirmatory then not regulated)	60% at 5 y	100
Present study	818	See text for details	66	59	See text for details	71% at 2 y; 50% at 5 y	100

DRE = digital rectal examination; DT = doubling time; GPS = Gleason Pattern Score; JHU = Johns Hopkins University; PRIAS = Prostate Cancer Research International: Active Surveillance; PSA = prostate-specific antigen; UCFS = University of California San Francisco.