Table 2.
Ethnomedicinal plant species with their uses and application procedure
| Botanical name | Plant form | Used for | Parts used | Procedure | Reported cases |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abroma augusta (L.) L. f. | Shrub | Urine problem | New buds, leaf, and root | Juice of fresh leaves along with honey is given orally as expectorant. Juice of leaf is inhaled for bleeding nose (sinusitis). Dried powder of entire plant parts is given for bronchitis and cough. | Night wetting, jaundice, stomach disorder [23], blood dysentery, diarrhea [83], menstrual disorder [100, 101] |
| Acorus calamus L. | Herb | Fever and stomach disorders | Leaf, root | Juice of root is given orally in stomach disorders, bronchitis, and fever, and its small piece is chewed to clear the throat. | Joint pain, evil spirit [27], for removing animal lice [102] |
| Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa | Tree | Stomach problem | Fruit | Fruit and seed is used to treat stomach problem. | Stomach disorder, appetizer, dysentery [27, 103] |
| Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L. | Climber | Wounds | Leaf | Leaf juice is given to cure bleeding from cuts and wounds. Plant paste is applied to cure muddy wounds between toes during rainy season. | Cuts and wounds [27, 103] |
| Aloe vera (L.) Correa | Herb | Skin problem | Leaves | Leaf pulp is applied on skin burns and other problems. | For burnt skin, stomach disorder, body pain, diabeties, general health issues, cold, and cough [27, 81, 103] |
| Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. | Tree | Cure skin problems | Bark | Bark paste is smeared of the infected part of the body. | Cold and cough, against stomach worms, lactation, snake bite, for ulcers, sores, and tumors [26, 27, 90, 103, 104] |
| Ananas comosus (L) Kurz | Herb | Kill stomach worms | Leaf | Leaf extract is used to kill worms. | For stomach worms, against scurvy [24, 26, 27, 103] |
| Andrographis paniculata (Brum.f.) Wall. ex Nees | Herb | Liver | Whole plant | Whole plant or leaf juice extract is used to cure liver problems. | Diabetes, liver problem, fever, cough and cold, stomach pain, Malaria [27, 90, 103, 104] |
| Asparagus racemosus Willd. | Herb | Diabetes and dysentery | Tuber | Fleshy root is dried, and its powder is consumed with water to treat diabetes and dysentery | Cuts and wounds, urine disorder, swelling, diabetes, dysentery, stomach disorders, improving memory [22, 27, 100, 101, 103] |
| Averrhoa carambola L. | Tree | Jaundice and dysentery | Fruit | Fresh fruit is eaten to treat jaundice, and dry fruit is used to treat dysentery. | Jaundice and liver problem [27, 103] |
| Azadirachta indica A. Juss | Tree | Fever and skin rashes | Leaf | Leaf sap is used to treat fever and acidity, and leaf is boiled with water and used as a bath water to treat skin rashes. | Allergy, pneumonia, appetite, stomach disorder, skin disorder, intestinal worms, eye problems, malarial fever, blood purification [26, 27, 100, 103, 105] |
| Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettest | Herb | Indigestion | Whole plant | Boiled tender leaf is used for indigestion. | |
| Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken | Herb | Stomach stone | Leaf | Leaves in soaked water are used and drunk raw to treat stomach stone. | Cuts and wounds, for burnt skin, for gall bladder stone, piles, stomach problems [27, 84, 103] |
| Carica papaya L. | Tree | Jaundice | Fruit | Ripen fruit is consumed to treat against jaundice | Gastroenteritis, appetizer, digestion, cough, dysentery [23, 24, 27, 100, 101, 103] |
| Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. | Herb | Diarrhea/dysentery | Leaf | Leaf paste juice is taken orally for diarrhea/dysentery. | Jaundice, typhoid, dysentery, pain, constipation, indigestion, dog bite, appetizer [22, 27, 100, 101, 103] |
| Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham) T. Nees & Eberm. | Tree | Hypertension and diarrhea | Leaf and bark | Leaf and bark are consumed. | |
| Cinnamomum verum J.Presl | Tree | Gastrointestinal problems and diabetes | Bark and leaves | Raw small piece of bark is chewed to treat gastrointestinal problems and diabetes. | |
| Clerodendrum infortunatum L. | Herb | Stomach worm | Young buds | Paste of young shoot is taken orally. | |
| Cocus nucifera L. | Tree | Stomach problems and weight loss | Fruit water | Water present in coconut fruit is used in curing stomach problem and weight loss. | Weight loss, hair vitalizer, chicken pox scar [27, 76, 103] |
| Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. | Herb | Inflammation | Rhizome | Fresh rhizome paste is used against inflammation. | |
| Curcuma longa L. | Herb | Antiseptic | Rhizome | Rhizome paste is applied as antiseptic. Rhizome and salt are taken to treat cough and cold. | Cuts and wounds, stomach disorder, lactation of animals, cough and cold, fever, bone fracture, blood purifier, snake bite [22, 27, 100, 103] |
| Cuscuta europaea L. | Climber | Jaundice or liver problem | Whole plant | Whole plant juice is used to treat jaundice. | Jaundice [27, 103] |
| Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. | Herb | Cut/wounds | Leaf | Young crush leaf paste is used to apply on cut wounds | Cuts and wounds, bleeding, vomiting, indigestion, piles, asthma [22–24, 27, 100, 101, 103] |
| Datura metel L. | Herb | Pain reliever | Leaf, flower and fruit | Few dried or fresh seeds are taken as pain reliever. | Cuts and wounds, diarrhea, tooth pain, asthmatic, cold and cough, anti-rabies [22, 37, 100, 101, 103] |
| Equisetum arvense L. | Herb | Bone disease | Whole plant | Paste of leaf and root are applied on fracture directly to reduce bone disease. | |
| Euphorbia hirta L. | Herb | Piles | Whole plant | Tender plant parts are crushed and consumed daily with milk to get relief against piles. | |
| Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. | Shrub | Burning sensation, fatigue, skin diseases, and blood dysentery | Root, flower buds | Root extract is used to treat cough and fever. Flower bud is used to treat blood dysentery. Leaf paste is used to treat burning sensation, fatigue, and skin diseases. | Tonsillitis, dandruff, hair loss, burning sensation, fatigue, fever [25, 27, 103] |
| Hygrophila schulli (Hamilt.) M.R. & S.M. Almeida | Herb | Anemia | Leaf, tender stem | Leaves and young stems are boiled and taken daily to cure anemia. | |
| Jatropha curcas L. | Shrub | Tooth ache | Branch | Young branch is used as tooth brush to reduce pain. | Diarrhea, headache, cuts and wounds, digestion, gum problems [22, 27, 83, 84, 103] |
| Justicia Adhatoda L. | Herb | Bronchitis, cold, and cough | Leaf | Leaf juice is used to treat chronic bronchitis, cough, and cold. | Cough and cold, paralysis, allergy, cuts and wounds, piles, leprosy and diabetes, chronic bronchitis [25, 27, 86, 103] |
| Justicia gendarussa Burm.f. | Herb | Headache, cut, and wounds | Leaf | Crushed leaves are placed on cuts with the extract for healing. It is applied on forehead for treating headache. | Cancer, antiseptic, headache, cuts and wounds [27, 103] |
| Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. | Tree | Piles and wounds | Gum | Gum is applied directly on piles and wounds. | |
| Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link. | Herb | Stomach disorder, swelling, and stop bleeding | Leaf | Leaf juice is used to cure stomach disorder; hand-crushed leaves are inhaled to cure headache; leaf paste is applied to stop cut bleeding. | Stomach disorder, swelling, headache, body pain, cuts and wounds, tooth pain, bleeding [27, 103] |
| Mentha arvensis L. | Herb | Flatulence, diarrhea, and nausea | Leaves | Bruised leaves are applied to get relief from headache, and leaf extract juice is administered orally against vomiting, nausea, flatulence, and diarrhea. | |
| Mimosa pudica L. | Herb | Orchitis and depurative | Leaf and bark | Decotation of leaf and bark is used to control orchitis and used as depurative. | Eye problem, orchitis and depurative, infertility, tooth ache [22, 27, 83, 103] |
| Moringa oleifera Lam. | Tree | Blood pressure and gastroenteritis | Leaf and fruits | Tender leaf juice and cooked fruits are taken to balance blood pressure. | Blood pressure, gastroenteritis, cold and cough, body pain, cut and wound, leucoderma, liver disorder, urine problems [27, 100, 101, 104] |
| Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. | Shrub | Fever and diarrhea | Leaf, bark, and root | Leaf juice is consumed to control black fever and diarrhea. | Gastroenteristis, black fever and diarrhea, diabetes mellitus [22, 27, 83, 103, 104] |
| Ocimum gratissimum L. | Herb | Fever, cough and cold, headache, nausea, diarrhea, dysentery, and skin diseases | Leaves, flower | Decoction of plant is given to treat fever, cough, cold, headache, nausea, diarrhea, dysentery, and skin diseases. | |
| Ocimum sanctum L. | Herb | Cold and cough | Leaf | Leaves are used to treat cough and cold. | Cough and cold, neck pain, cancer, gastroenteritis, asthma, urinary disorder [22, 25, 27, 103] |
| Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz | Tree | Stomach pain | Fruits, seed, and bark | Paste of hydrated fruit or seed or bark is applied for stomach pain and chest pain and is used as appetizer and against jaundice. | Jaundice, cuts and wounds, body pain, liver problems, stomach pain, chest pain, appetizer, asthma [22, 25–27, 84, 103, 104] |
| Phyllanthus emblica L. | Tree | Stomach problem/gastritis | Fruit | Dry paste or fruits are used to chew or eat orally for stomach relief. | Hair loss, stomach pain, liver problem [23, 26, 27, 103] |
| Piper betle L. | Climber | Gastrointestinal problems, cold, and cough | Leaves and root | Fresh leaf is chewed with beetle nut to cure gastrointestinal problems, and dry root is chewed whole day to cure throat-related problems. | |
| Piper nigrum L. | Climber | Asthmatic problems, cold, cough and rheumatism | Seed | Seeds are boiled with sugar and salt and consumed three to four times a day to control asthmatic problems, cold, cough, and rheumatism. | Cough and cold, asthma, constipation, indigestion, throat infection |
| Punica granatum L. | Tree | Increase blood | Fruit | Fresh fruits are eaten to increase blood. | Nose bleeding, diarrhea, fever, indigestion [27, 100, 101, 103, 104] |
| Rauvolfia serpentine (L.) Benth. ex Kurz. | Herb | Fever | Root | Leaf juice is used as a remedy for the removal of opacities of cornea. Root paste is applied on cuts, wounds, or boils. Root infusion is given orally for intestinal disorders. | Paralysis, diabetes, fever, cuts and wounds, pneumonia, jaundice, stomach worm, dysentery, reliving hypertension and blood pressure, intestinal disorder [22, 25, 27, 84, 103, 104] |
| Streblus asper Lour. | Tree | Toothache | Bark, latex and root | Tender stem is used as toothbrush to cure toothache. | |
| Terminalia arjuna Roxb. ex DC) Wight & Arn. | Tree | Cardiac trouble | Bark | Bark decoction is taken in empty stomach to treat cardiac trouble. | Asthma, heart problem, diabetes, stomach disorder, appetizer, skin disease, leucoderma, indigestion, chest pain, tuberculosis, cardic trouble [22, 25, 27, 86, 103, 104] |
| Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. | Tree | Dyspepsia (indigestion) | Fruit | Dried fruit is used to treat dyspepsia and as cooling agent. | Cough and cold, stomach disorder, indigestion, gastroenteritis, skin diseases, leucoderma, cooling agent, [13, 20, 22, 23, 27, 103] |
| Terminalia chebula Retz. | Tree | Stomach problem | Fruit | Fruit is used against stomach disorder. | Appetizer, cough and cold, gastroenteritis, jaundice, pneumonia, liver problems, indigestion, urinary disorder, tonsillitis, fever [23, 25, 27, 100, 102, 103, 105] |
| Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr. | Climber | Rheumatism and jaundice | Bark | Bark is soaked overnight in water and is consumed in the morning against rheumatism and jaundice. | Stomach pain, diabetes, rheumatism and jaundice, urination, piles bleeding, appetite, diarrhea [22, 27, 100, 101, 103, 104] |
| Vitex negundo L. | Shrub | Whitening of hair | Leaf | Leaves prevent whitening of hair. | Fever, gout, diarrhea, cardic disorder, headache, bone fracture, body swelling [22, 27, 83, 90, 103] |
| Zingiber officinale Roscoe. | Herb | Digestive, stimulant, and cold and cough | Rhizome | Rhizome is used as digestive stimulant. | |
| Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. | Tree | Vomiting | Fruits and seed | Fruits and seeds are consumed with salt to control vomiting. |