Table 1.

Characteristics of included studies

Author, year and country	Study type	Study setting	Number of participants	Age (years)	Index tests	Reference Test
Heudorf et al. 2012 Germany [34]	Cross-sectional	Nursing homes	3732	11% under 65 years	Incontinence Disorientation Wounds Pressure sores	Adapted McGeer criteria; physician diagnosis of infection was included as a criterion to avoid under-estimation of the infection rate due to lack of on-site diagnostic testing.
Magaziner et al. 1991 USA [35]	Cross-sectional	Long term care facilities/Nursing homes	4259	> 65	Incontinence Skin ulcer	A combination of symptoms/signs/lab investigations. Not all patients had a bacterial skin culture.