Table 1.
Descriptive statistics of the means (standard deviations) for study variables by age, sex, and ethnic group
| Age Cohort at W1 | Sex | Ethnic Group | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 8 | 11 | 14 | Females | Males | Pal | Isr-J | Isr-A | |
| Exposure to pol violence (W1) | 0.75 (0.47) | 0.65 (0.45)a | 0.75 (0.45)b | 0.86 (0.49)c | 0.69 (0.41)a | 0.81 (0.53)b | 1.07 (0.38)a | 0.61 (0.35)b | .37 (0.32)c |
| Exposure to pol violence (W3) | 0.62 (0.42) | 0.52 (0.40)a | 0.65 (0.42)b | 0.69 (0.43)b | 0.59 (0.39)a | 0.65 (0.45)b | 0.89 (0.33)a | 0.55 (0.36)b | .27 (0.28)c |
| (0 = never, 3 = many times) | p < .001 | ||||||||
| Serious phys agg (W1) | 0.54 (0.50) | 0.46 (0.48)a | 0.58 (0.50)b | 0.59 (0.52)b | 0.42 (0.44)a | 0.67 (0.54)b | 0.71 (0.52)a | 0.45 (0.49)b | .36 (0.41)c |
| Serious phys agg (W3) | 0.44 (0.50) | 0.44 (0.51) | 0.45 (0.51) | 0.42 (0.49) | 0.34 (0.43)a | 0.54 (0.56)b | 0.71 (0.52)a | 0.33 (0.42)b | .11 (0.26)c |
| (0 = never, 3 = 5 or more times) | p < .001 | ||||||||
| General agg-self rate (W1) | 0.47 (0.46) | 0.39 (0.43)a | 0.50 (0.47)b | 0.54 (0.47)b | 0.40 (0.42)a | 0.55 (0.49)b | 0.55 (0.53)a | 0.44 (0.36)b | .38 (0.39)b |
| General agg-self rate (W3) | 0.31 (0.40) | 0.28 (0.38)a | 0.33 (0.41)ab | 0.34 (0.40)a | 0.28 (0.37)a | 0.35 (0.43)b | 0.42 (0.47)a | 0.37 (0.31)a | .12 (0.24)b |
| (0 = never, 3 = almost always) | p < .001 | ||||||||
| General agg-parent CBC (W1) | 0.57 (0.41) | 0.59 (0.39)a | 0.58 (0.43)a | 0.52 (0.40)b | 0.50 (0.39)a | 0.63 (0.42)b | 0.75 (0.41)a | 0.38 (0.34)b | .42 (0.32)b |
| General agg-parent CBC (W3) | 0.46 (0.43) | 0.50 (0.43)a | 0.47 (0.45)a | 0.41 (0.39)b | 0.41 (0.40)a | 0.51 (0.45)b | 0.72 (0.42)a | 0.31 (0.30)b | .19 (0.26)c |
| (0 = not true, 2 = very true) | p < .001 | ||||||||
| Aggressive fantasy (W1) | 0.69 (0.68) | 0.57 (0.63)a | 0.70 (0.68)b | 0.79 (0.72)c | 0.60 (0.65)a | 0.78 (0.71)b | 0.70 (0.69)a | 0.78 (0.69)a | .59 (0.64)b |
| Aggressive fantasy (W2) | 0.61 (0.67) | 0.54 (0.66)a | 0.60 (0.66)a | 0.68 (0.69)b | 0.52 (0.62)a | 0.69 (0.72)b | 0.62 (0.67)a | 0.84 (0.72)b | .40 (0.56)c |
| (0 = never, 3 = often) | p < .01 | ||||||||
| Norm. beliefs agg (W1) | 1.71 (0.59) | 1.66 (0.61)a | 1.78 (0.58)b | 1.81 (0.57)b | 1.70 (0.58)a | 1.81 (0.60)b | 1.99 (0.51)a | 1.62 (0.50)b | 1.50 (0.64)c |
| Norm. beliefs agg (W2) | 1.68 (0.56) | 1.62 (0.56)a | 1.67 (0.56)ab | 1.73 (0.56)b | 1.61 (0.55)a | 1.74 (0.57)b | 1.92 (0.46)a | 1.69 (0.55)b | 1.29 (0.49)c |
| (1 = real wrong, 4 = perfectly OK) | p < .001 | ||||||||
| Emotional distress (W1) | 0.57 (0.49) | 0.57 (0.48) | 0.57 (0.50) | 0.57 (0.48) | 0.56 (0.50) | 0.57 (0.47) | 0.77 (0.49)a | 0.43 (0.46)b | 0.36 (0.37)c |
| Emotional distress (W2) | 0.53 (0.47) | 0.53 (0.45) | 0.54 (0.49) | 0.52 (0.46) | 0.53 (0.47) | 0.53 (0.46) | 0.73 (0.48)a | 0.39 (0.43)b | 0.33 (0.33)b |
| (0 = not true to 2 = certainly true) | p < .01 | ||||||||
Note: A three-way (Age×Sex×Ethnic Group) repeated measures analysis of variance was computed for each variable; across analyses, Ns = 1238–1278. The p values are shown for differences between waves in the overall mean score. Within each wave, post hoc multiple comparison (least significant differences) tests were computed between means of subgroups defined by age cohort, sex, and ethnic group. Within a comparison, means with different subscripts are significantly different at p < .05. W1–W3, Waves 1–3.