Table 5.
Intervention effects on behaviour for lower and higher socioeconomic groups per trial, for the last study year
| Nepal |
India |
|||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total |
High SEP |
Low SEP |
Difference |
Total |
High SEP |
Low SEP |
Difference |
|||||||
| OR* | 95% CI | OR* | 95% CI | OR* | 95% CI | P-value* | OR* | 95% CI | OR* | 95% CI | OR* | 95% CI | P-value* | |
| Health care use | ||||||||||||||
| 3 + antenatal care visits to medical provider | 4.10 | (2.07–8.14) | 4.18 | (2.09–8.36) | 3.19 | (1.50–6.79) | 0.2510 | 1.12 | (0.92–1.35) | 1.02 | (0.78–1.32) | 1.10 | (0.81–1.48) | 0.715 |
| Medical treatment sought for illness during pregnancy | 4.79 | (2.85–8.05) | 6.90 | (3.55–13.38) | 2.35 | (1.13–4.90) | 0.0160 | 0.79 | (0.64–0.98) | 0.76 | (0.57–1.02) | 0.73 | (0.53–1.02) | 0.893 |
| Institutional delivery | 5.88 | (2.57–13.46) | 6.24 | (2.60–14.99) | 4.94 | (1.43–17.06) | 0.7300 | 0.87 | (0.70–1.10) | 0.79 | (0.59–1.06) | 1.03 | (0.69–1.52) | 0.299 |
| Institutional delivery for prolonged labour | 8.69 | (2.25–33.61) | 10.50 | (2.54–43.29) | 6.02 | (1.14–31.78) | 0.4930 | 1.02 | (0.53–1.97) | 1.51 | (0.60–3.79) | 0.61 | (0.23–1.62) | 0.176 |
| Home care: antenatal practices | ||||||||||||||
| Iron intake | 0.46 | (0.23–0.91) | 0.43 | (0.21–0.91) | 0.55 | (0.22–1.33) | 0.6150 | 1.47 | (1.23–1.76) | 1.24 | (0.94–1.64) | 1.63 | (1.29–2.06) | 0.141 |
| Home care: delivery practices | ||||||||||||||
| Birth attendant washed hands | 6.95 | (3.16–15.29) | 6.71 | (3.02–14.95) | 7.22 | (3.14–16.57) | 0.7790 | 4.19 | (3.38–5.21) | 4.73 | (3.43–6.53) | 3.85 | (2.86–5.18) | 0.358 |
| Clean delivery kit used | 5.90 | (3.72–9.36) | 5.01 | (3.10–8.10) | 7.74 | (3.58–16.73) | 0.2750 | 3.81 | (2.89–5.02) | 5.53 | (3.68–8.31) | 2.18 | (1.44–3.30) | 0.002 |
| Plastic sheet used | – | 3.40 | (2.38–4.85) | 5.65 | (3.37–9.45) | 1.92 | (1.12–3.28) | 0.004 | ||||||
| Cord cut with new or boiled blade | 3.06 | (1.78–5.26) | 3.36 | (1.93–5.85) | 2.55 | (1.38–4.72) | 0.2740 | 2.15 | (1.72–2.69) | 2.59 | (1.74–3.85) | 1.96 | (1.48–2.58) | 0.258 |
| Cord tied with boiled thread | – | 7.90 | (5.92–10.53) | 9.46 | (6.29–14.23) | 5.84 | (3.80–8.97) | 0.110 | ||||||
| Home care: postnatal practices | ||||||||||||||
| Appropriate cord care (nothing applied on stump) | 1.28 | (0.53–3.08) | 1.07 | (0.44–2.64) | 1.53 | (0.61–3.86) | 0.1290 | 1.86 | (1.41–2.47) | 1.34 | (0.88–2.02) | 2.42 | (1.66–3.53) | 0.037 |
| Baby wrapped or put on the skin within 10 min | 7.58 | (5.20–11.05) | 4.10 | (2.37–7.11) | 11.74 | (7.03–19.60) | 0.006 | |||||||
| Baby placed on mother's skin within 30 min | 0.47 | (0.17–1.32) | 0.44 | (0.16–1.23) | 0.37 | (0.11–1.20) | 0.6880 | 0.96 | (0.71–1.30) | 0.63 | (0.39–1.02) | 1.26 | (0.85–1.87) | 0.030 |
| Baby not bathed in first 6 h after birth | 3.95 | (2.42–6.46) | 3.93 | (2.38–6.51) | 3.78 | (2.01–7.09) | 0.8910 | 2.28 | (1.89–2.75) | 1.92 | (1.44–2.57) | 2.52 | (1.97–3.22) | 0.162 |
| Breastfeeding initiated within 1 h | 1.76 | (0.79–3.93) | 1.80 | (0.79–4.10) | 1.71 | (0.73–3.96) | 0.7870 | 3.29 | (2.60–4.18) | 2.02 | (1.41–2.91) | 5.15 | (3.74–7.10) | 0.000 |
| Only breastmilk given in first day | 1.52 | (1.22–1.91) | 1.89 | (1.35–2.65) | 1.31 | (0.97–1.78) | 0.112 | |||||||
| Exclusive breastfeeding in first 6 weeks after birth | 0.80 | (0.44–1.45) | 0.70 | (0.38–1.32) | 1.32 | (0.51–3.41) | 0.1820 | 1.39 | (1.13–1.72) | 1.73 | (1.25–2.37) | 1.22 | (0.92–1.62) | 0.110 |
| Bangladesh |
Malawi |
|||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total |
High SEP |
Low SEP |
Difference |
Total |
High SEP |
Low SEP |
Difference |
|||||||
| OR* | 95% CI | OR* | 95% CI | OR* | 95% CI | P-value* | OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | P-value* | |
| Health care use | ||||||||||||||
| 3 + antenatal care visits to medical provider | 1.55 | (1.37–1.75) | 1.60 | (1.39–1.83) | 1.39 | (0.98–1.98) | 0.476 | 0.94 | (0.56–1.55) | 0.92 | (0.53–1.61) | 0.87 | (0.43–1.74) | 0.843 |
| Medical treatment sought for illness during pregnancy | 1.18 | (1.04–1.34) | 1.22 | (1.06–1.40) | 0.98 | (0.71–1.36) | 0.235 | – | ||||||
| Institutional delivery | 1.12 | (0.97–1.28) | 1.13 | (0.97–1.31) | 0.97 | (0.62–1.53) | 0.545 | 1.23 | (0.69–2.19) | 1.28 | (0.67–2.42) | 1.17 | (0.55–2.52) | 0.771 |
| Institutional delivery for prolonged labour | – | – | ||||||||||||
| Home care: antenatal practices | ||||||||||||||
| Iron intake | 2.63 | (2.32–2.98) | 2.39 | (2.08–2.75) | 3.97 | (2.96–5.32) | 0.002 | 1.38 | (0.47–4.08) | 0.97 | (0.32–2.98) | 4.06 | (0.94–17.54) | 0.012 |
| Home care: delivery practices | ||||||||||||||
| Birth attendant washed hands | 3.05 | (2.39–3.87) | 3.58 | (2.68–4.79) | 2.15 | (1.38–3.37) | 0.061 | 0.19 | (0.06–0.53) | 0.18 | (0.07–0.47) | 0.25 | (0.08–0.73) | 0.434 |
| Clean delivery kit used | 5.46 | (4.51–6.62) | 5.67 | (4.59–7.01) | 4.98 | (3.13–7.90) | 0.611 | – | ||||||
| Plastic sheet used | 2.43 | (2.09–2.83) | 2.72 | (2.29–3.23) | 1.75 | (1.28–2.41) | 0.017 | – | ||||||
| Cord cut with new or boiled blade | 2.46 | (1.21–5.00) | 2.95 | (1.31–6.65) | 1.40 | (0.32–6.18) | 0.390 | – | ||||||
| Cord tied with boiled thread | 1.32 | (1.13–1.53) | 1.25 | (1.05–1.49) | 1.62 | (1.16–2.24) | 0.176 | – | ||||||
| Home care: postnatal practices | ||||||||||||||
| Appropriate cord care (nothing applied on stump) | 1.76 | (1.48–2.09) | 1.66 | (1.37–2.01) | 2.27 | (1.57–3.28) | 0.138 | – | ||||||
| Baby wrapped or put on the skin within 10 min | 1.49 | (1.28–1.73) | 1.40 | (1.18–1.66) | 1.88 | (1.36–2.62) | 0.113 | 1.61 | (0.39–6.71) | 2.40 | (0.49–11.80) | 0.67 | (0.11–4.31) | 0.180 |
| Baby placed on mother's skin within 30 min | 0.93 | (0.80–1.08) | 0.85 | (0.71–1.01) | 1.26 | (0.90–1.76) | 0.038 | – | ||||||
| Baby not bathed in first 6 h after birth | 1.74 | (1.43–2.12) | 1.76 | (1.40–2.20) | 1.61 | (1.06–2.45) | 0.711 | 1.51 | (0.48–4.69) | 1.76 | (0.53–5.82) | 0.72 | (0.20–2.63) | 0.013 |
| Breastfeeding initiated within 1 h | 2.55 | (2.08–3.11) | 2.59 | (2.06–3.26) | 2.45 | (1.63–3.67) | 0.812 | 1.79 | (0.44–7.37) | 2.32 | (0.54–10.06) | 1.49 | (0.30–7.49) | 0.340 |
| Only breastmilk given in first day | 2.28 | (1.75–2.97) | 2.42 | (1.79–3.27) | 1.79 | (1.00–3.21) | 0.370 | – | ||||||
| Exclusive breastfeeding in first 6 weeks after birth | 1.29 | (1.09–1.52) | 1.30 | (1.08–1.57) | 1.26 | (0.89–1.79) | 0.888 | – | ||||||
*P-value is for the difference in OR between lower and higher socioeconomic groups. Marginalization was used as indicator of socioeconomic position in the analyses for this table.
–, not available.