Table 2.

Multivariable associations between neonatal mortality and risk factors at start of pregnancy, start of delivery and 5 minutes after birth

		Start of pregnancy	Start of delivery	After birth	Start of delivery (including multiple birth)
Site		198	166	147	174
	Bangladesh	1	1	1	1
	Jharkhand/Odisha, India	1.66 (1.46, 1.89)	1.61 (1.40, 1.84)	2.04 (1.76, 2.37)	1.62 (1.41, 1.86)
	Mumbai, India	0.27 (0.20, 0.34)	0.27 (0.21, 0.35)	0.37 (0.28, 0.50)	0.25 (0.19, 0.33)
	Nepal	0.81 (0.65, 1.00)	0.95 (0.76, 1.18)	1.27 (1.00, 1.61)	0.97 (0.78, 1.21)
Age		14
	<18	1.55 (1.25, 1.92)
	18–20	1.30 (1.14, 1.48)
	21–23	1.11 (1.05, 1.17)
	24–26	1
	27–29	0.99 (0.96, 1.03)
	30–32	1.05 (0.98, 1.12)
	33–35	1.14 (1.00, 1.29)
	>35	1.27 (1.04, 1.54)
Birth interval (months)		31	41	20	55
	Primigravida	1.34 (1.14, 1.57)	1.40 (1.22, 1.60)	1.25 (1.08, 1.44)	1.50 (1.31, 1.72)
	<15	2.18 (1.69, 2.82)	1.90 (1.48, 2.45)	1.82 (1.38, 2.40)	1.98 (1.53, 2.58)
	15–26	1.11 (0.93, 1.33)	1.01 (0.83, 1.22)	1.01 (0.82, 1.23)	1.04 (0.85, 1.26)
	27–68	1	1	1	1
	>68	1.16 (0.95, 1.41)	1.07 (0.88, 1.30)	1.02 (0.83, 1.25)	1.04 (0.85, 1.26)
Education		35	50	41	49
	No school	1	1	1	1
	Primary	0.84 (0.73, 0.97)	0.79 (0.68, 0.91)	0.80 (0.69, 0.94)	0.80 (0.69, 0.93)
	Secondary	0.65 (0.57, 0.75)	0.60 (0.52, 0.69)	0.62 (0.53, 0.71)	0.61 (0.53, 0.70)
	BSc/MSc	0.39 (0.20, 0.76)	0.30 (0.15, 0.59)	0.37 (0.18, 0.75)	0.25 (0.12, 0.50)
Household wealth (tertiles)		12	12		13
	1	1.31 (1.14, 1.50)	1.32 (1.15, 1.52)		1.33 (1.16, 1.53)
	2	1.12 (0.99, 1.27)	1.10 (0.97, 1.25)		1.11 (0.97, 1.26)
	3	1	1		1
Premature			1658	745	1372
	No		1	1	1
	Yes		11.11 (9.89, 12.47)	7.62 (6.59, 8.82)	9.65 (8.56, 10.88)
Pregnancy complications			46	22	40
	No		1	1	1
	Yes		1.55 (1.37, 1.75)	1.40 (1.22, 1.59)	1.51 (1.33, 1.71)
Season			13	23	15
	Warm		1	1	1
	Rainy		1.00 (0.88, 1.14)	1.05 (0.91, 1.21)	1.01 (0.89, 1.16)
	Cold		1.24 (1.09, 1.41)	1.38 (1.20, 1.59)	1.27 (1.11, 1.44)
Presentation				49
	Caesarean			0.47 (0.36, 0.60)
	Breech			1.75 (1.33, 2.32)
	Normal			1
Sex baby				31
	Male			1.38 (1.24, 1.54)
	Female			1
Multiple birth				333	508
	No			1	1
	Yes			6.78 (5.52, 8.32)	7.67 (6.43, 9.16)
Size at birth				82
	Small			1.50 (1.31, 1.73)
	Normal			1
	Large			2.29 (1.89, 2.77)
Condition at 5 min				1110
	Poor			10.09 (8.81, 11.56)
	Good			1
Condition arms				119
	Normal			1
	Floppy			5.25 (3.91, 7.05)
AUC apparent validation
Bangladesh		0.59 (0.58, 0.61)	0.73 (0.71, 0.75)	0.83 (0.81, 0.84)	0.75 (0.74, 0.77)
Jharkhand/Odisha, India		0.60 (0.57, 0.62)	0.68 (0.65, 0.71)	0.80 (0.78, 0.82)	0.71 (0.68, 0.73)
Mumbai India		0.63 (0.56, 0.70)	0.75 (0.68, 0.83)	0.92 (0.88, 0.96)	0.75 (0.68, 0.82)
Nepal		0.54 (0.47, 0.61)	0.71 (0.66, 0.77)	0.84 (0.79, 0.89)	0.73 (0.67, 0.79)
Pooled average		0.59 (0.58, 0.61)	0.72 (0.68, 0.75)	0.85 (0.80, 0.89)	0.73 (0.70, 0.76)
AUC cross-validation
Bangladesh		0.58 (0.56, 0.60)	0.72 (0.70, 0.74)	0.81 (0.79, 0.83)	0.74 (0.72, 0.76)
Jharkhand/Odisha, India		0.58 (0.56, 0.61)	0.67 (0.65, 0.70)	0.79 (0.77, 0.82)	0.70 (0.67, 0.73)
Mumbai, India		0.62 (0.55, 0.69)	0.75 (0.68, 0.83)	0.90 (0.85, 0.95)	0.75 (0.67, 0.82)
Nepal		0.53 (0.47, 0.60)	0.71 (0.65, 0.77)	0.84 (0.79, 0.89)	0.72 (0.66, 0.78)
Pooled average		0.58 (0.56, 0.59)	0.71 (0.68, 0.74)	0.83 (0.79, 0.86)	0.73 (0.70, 0.75)

ΔAIC is reported behind the predictors in bold font; odd ratios (95% confidence intervals) are reported behind predictor levels in regular font.