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. 2016 Jun 8;1:16006. doi: 10.1038/npjscilearn.2016.6

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Copyright © 2016 The Author(s)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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Stimulus distributions and prediction error responses. (a) Stimuli presented in Experiments 1 and 2. The frequencies of the majority of pure-tone sounds in each block (grey) were drawn from a contextual distribution that could be narrow (left, blue shading) or broad (right, red shading). The distribution densities are shown on the right in blue and red shading; both were centred at 500 Hz and had s.d. of 0.5 and 1.5 octaves, respectively. Embedded in both sequences were probe tones whose frequencies were either equal to the distribution centres (means, cyan and magenta), or 2 octaves above (odds, blue and red). (b–d) Brain responses evoked by mean and oddball sounds in the context of the narrow and the broad distributions, recorded in a fronto-central channel (FCz) while participants performed a detection task (Experiment 1, b) and a working memory task (Experiment 2) with low (c) and (d) high cognitive load.