Table 2.

Participant Changes in Behavioral and Biological Outcomes Across Time

	Time 1		Time 2		Time 3		F (df) P Group × Time Contrast T1 vs. T2 Contrast T2 vs. T3
	Control Mean (SD)	Intervention Mean (SD)	Control Mean (SD)	Intervention Mean (SD)	Control Mean (SD)	Intervention Mean (SD)
Diet self-management activities	3.58 (1.6)	3.04 (1.5)	4.09 (1.3)	4.67 (1.2)	4.19 (1.3)	4.32 (1.2)	7.37 (2,188) .001
							14.08 (1,94) .000
							2.68 (1,94) .105
Exercise self-management activities	2.72 (2.1)	2.41 (2.3)	2.95 (1.8)	3.77 (1.9)	3.27 (1.9)	3.18 (2.0)	3.77 (2,188) .025
							6.06 (1,94) .016
							5.25 (1,94) .024
Blood sugar self-management activities	3.41 (2.9)	3.95 (2.8)	3.42 (2.6)	4.29 (2.5)	3.67 (2.8)	3.90 (2.7)	0.59 (2,188) .553
							0.32 (1,94) .574
							1.19 (1,94) .278
Foot care self-management activities	4.96 (2.0)	4.95 (2.2)	5.30 (2.0)	5.96 (1.7)	5.20 (2.0)	5.91 (1.5)	3.04 (2,188) .050
							3.84 (1,94) .053
							0.02 (1,94) .892
Medication self-management activities	6.32 (1.6)	6.74 (0.7)	6.48 (1.5)	6.77 (1.1)	6.45 (1.3)	6.72 (1.1)	0.16 (2,178) .855
							0.22 (1,89) .642
							0.004 (1,89) .951
Total self-management activities	3.94 (1.4)	3.78 (1.4)	3.95 (1.2)	4.58 (1.0)	4.36 (1.3)	4.63 (0.9)	6.88 (2,188) .001
							12.63 (1,94) .001
							3.74 (1,94) .056
Diabetes self-efficacy for health behaviors	3.69 (1.1)	3.71 (1.1)	3.63 (1.1)	4.25 (0.7)	3.84 (1.0)	4.01 (0.8)	4.50 (1.8,168.6) .015
							7.58 (1,94) .007
							6.95 (1,94) .010
Diabetes self-efficacy for general health	3.82 (1.4)	3.58 (1.1)	3.94 (1.2)	4.30 (1.0)	4.18 (1.1)	4.45 (0.7)	3.55 (2,190) .031
							5.26 (1,95) .024
							0.22 (1,95) .639
Total diabetes self-efficacy	3.76 (1.1)	3.66 (0.9)	3.76 (1.1)	4.27 (0.7)	3.98 (0.9)	4.18 (0.7)	4.98 (1.8,173.7) .010
							8.92 (1,95) .004
							3.88 (1,95) .052
Emotional Burden subscale	4.34 (2.8)	5.04 (3.0)	3.74 (2.7)	3.28 (2.6)	3.47 (2.2)	3.32 (2.6)	2.67 (2,190) .072
							4.56 (1,95) .035
							0.47 (1,95) .494
Physician Distress subscale	1.64 (2.1)	2.24 (2.3)	1.77 (2.4)	1.22 (1.9)	1.36 (2.0)	1.44 (2.0)	3.42 (2,190) .035
							6.34 (1,95) .013
							2.64 (1,95) .108
Regimen Distress subscale	4.23 (3.0)	5.50 (2.8)	4.30 (3.2)	3.20 (2.3)	3.83 (3.0)	3.66 (2.4)	9.75 (2,190) .000
							19.81 (1,95) .000
							3.34 (1,95) .071
Interpersonal Distress subscale	2.06 (1.9)	2.72 (2.0)	1.81 (1.8)	1.40 (1.7)	1.51 (1.7)	1.52 (1.9)	4.12 (1.9,177.0) .020
							7.33 (1,95) .008
							1.71 (1,95) .194
Total diabetes distress	12.28 (7.3)	15.50 (8.5)	11.62 (8.5)	9.10 (6.6)	10.17 (6.6)	9.94 (7.0)	9.07 (1.8,172.7) .000
							15.99 (1,95) .000
							4.14 (1,95) .045
Fats subscale	1.43 (0.6)	1.47 (0.6)	1.16 (0.6)	1.12 (0.5)	1.11 (0.6)	1.15 (0.5)	0.50 (2,190) .606
							0.72 (1,95) .399
							0.81 (1,95) .371
Fruits subscale	1.91 (1.4)	1.86 (1.1)	1.92 (1.2)	1.68 (1.0)	1.86 (1.3)	1.65 (0.9)	0.33 (2,188) .716
							0.53 (1,94) .470
							0.03 (1,94) .875
Vegetables subscale	2.16 (1.0)	2.11 (0.9)	2.12 (1.0)	2.41 (0.9)	2.04 (1.0)	2.13 (0.9)	1.49 (2,190) .229
							3.49 (1,95) .065
							1.21 (1,95) .273
IPAQ vigorous activity (MET min/wk)	1706.05 (3222.0)	1939.53 (4444.2)	1887.44 (4090.0)	2003.72 (3381.4)	2081.86 (5343.2)	2138.16 (4425.8)	0.01 (1.9,155.7) .984
							0.01 (1,84) .906
							0.002 (1,84) .963
IPAQ moderate activity (MET min/wk)	1600.00 (3195.0)	639.50 (1336.0)	1135.79 (2217.0)	1165.50 (1873.2)	1271.58 (2077.0)	1057.50 (2306.8)	1.26 (1.8,136.1) .285
							2.86 (1,76) .095
							0.17 (1,76) .686
IPAQ walking (MET min/wk)	1105.93 (1860.6)	762.67 (1400.2)	1790.25 (2820.5)	1669.71 (3108.4)	1829.33 (3022.0)	1390.13 (2200.0)	0.09 (2,144) .915
							0.08 (1,72) .778
							0.15 (1,72) .697
IPAQ total activity (MET min/wk)	3877.17 (5284.2)	4278.16 (7291.3)	4406.01 (7090.4)	4874.10 (6803.7)	5027.09 (8791.5)	4322.76 (7294.5)	0.25 (2,190) .783
							0.001 (1,95) .970
							0.38 (1,95) .538
A1C	9.87 (1.6) 84 mmol/mol	9.99 (1.6) 86 mmol/mol	9.48 (1.9) 80 mmol/mol	8.93 (1.8) 74 mmol/mol	9.20 (2.0) 77 mmol/mol	9.19 (2.1) 77 mmol/mol	1.89 (2,186) .154
							3.11 (1,93) .081
							2.81 (1,93) 0.97

Abbreviations: IPAQ, International Physical Activity Questionnaire; MET, metabolic equivalent task.