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(A) Method for measurement of hip-knee-ankle angle (HKA) and medial proximal tibial angle (MPTA). (B) Method for measurement of the Insall-Salvati ratio (PT/PL) and Blackburne-Peel ratio (D/PAS). D = shortest distance between the most distal region of the patella and the line tangent to the articular surface of the tibial plateau. PAS = length of the articular surface of the patella, PL = longest longitudinal length of the patella, PT = length of the patellar tendon.
