Modulation of decision times by value and current reinforcement (standardized coefficients from linear mixed-effects models)
Legend. PE: prediction error. Max value: value of the best available option; higher values correspond to easier choices. “Reward” denotes whether the previous choice was reinforced regardless of reward magnitude, which was independently manipulated (stake effect shown in D). “Exploratory choice” is the difference in value between the chosen and best available option. Central dot and horizontal lines denote estimated regression coefficient and 95% confidence interval. X-axis: decision times, arbitrary units. * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001