Table 2.

A concept for therapeutic communication.

(1) Knowledge, recognition and avoidance or neutralization of nocebo effects and negative suggestions

(2) Positive communication:           positive expressions instead of negations           no lies, whitewash, or non-disclosure           to address existing positive aspects           to address the psychological basic needs           (basic communication)           anouncement and addition of meaning to any intervention           suggestion of positive expectations           positive suggestions and interventions           (e.g., dissociation, reframing)

(3) Utilization of the focused attention and suggestibility of the           stress-induced natural trance state

(4) Development of a trusting, encouraging therapeutic relationship