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. 2019 Feb 19;10:834. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-08757-2

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Mechanical response characteristics of the mechano-active multielectrode array (MaMEA). a Plot of strain in zones Z_ε+, Z_ε1−, and Z_ε2− as a function of voltage applied to the DEA, V_ε. The fit shows a cubic relationship. b Strain (upper panel) and strain rate (lower panel) during the first 280 ms of linear ramps to ~10% strain (V_ε = 3.6 kV). The ramp time (t_ramp) is varied from ~5 ms (step) to 200 ms. The resulting strain rates range from 18 to 0.5 s⁻¹. c Example of strain profiles as used for the experiments. After a 10-s-long baseline recording, the strain is modulated with a period of 4.8 s for 10 cycles. Protocols are repeated with varying strain amplitudes and ramp times. In the example shown, t_ramp was fixed at 5 ms (corresponds to a strain rate of 18 s⁻¹)