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. 2019 Feb 19;10:834. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-08757-2

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Effect of strain amplitude on impulse conduction. a Upper panel: AP_ECs recorded by electrodes I to VI during action potential propagation from left to right under control (dashed line) and strained conditions (solid line). Lower panel: Magnified view of the signals recorded by electrodes III and IV that straddle the positive strain zone show an increase of the activation time difference (ATD) by 2.7% during application of 10.1% strain. b Experimental strain protocol depicting the actuation voltages for the DEA (black) together with the measured response of the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate in the positive (dark red) and negative strain (light blue) zones. c Modulation of ATD in the Z_ε+ region for different strain amplitudes (V_ε = 1–4 kV according to color scheme); ATD decrease in the Z_ε− region is shown for V_ε = 3.6 kV only (light blue). d Continuous determinations of downstroke times (t_DS) as recorded by electrodes III and IV at maximal strain amplitude (V_ε = 4 kV). All data were obtained from a single preparation