Figure 2.

Decreased endogenous ubiquitination activity in erythrocytes but not orbitofrontal cortex among those with schizophrenia. Example Western blots showing the quantified bands from 15–250 kD, indicating endogenous ubiquitination activity in orbitofrontal cortex (A) and erythrocytes (B). All samples were normalized to the internal control (biotinylated ubiquitin) to account for gel-to-gel variability. Ubiquitination activity in orbitofrontal cortex among those with schizophrenia (mean = 1.13, se = 0.07) and controls (mean = 0.99, se = 0.07) (C) as well as among those with treatment-resistant schizophrenia (mean = 0.68, standard error [se] = 0.05), recent onset schizophrenia (mean = 1.14, se = 0.08), and healthy controls (mean = 0.99, se = 0.04) (D). *p < 0.01, NC = negative control, PC = positive control. Western blots images shown are cropped to show the proteins of interest. The western blots were derived under the same experimental conditions; the original full-length western blot images are shown in Supplementary Fig. S5.