FIG 1.

TPC attenuates glomerulonephritis in treated lupus-prone mice. (A) Proteinuria. The average levels of proteinuria are presented as percentages of mice that had greater than 300 mg/dl protein, in each group of mice (n = 15 per group) treated with tuftsin-phosphorylcholine (TPC), tuftsin (T), or PBS (vehicle). (B) Histological analysis. PAS staining in representative kidney sections from each group of mice studied. Magnification, ×200. Concentrations of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α (C), IL-6 (D), IFN-γ (E), and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (F) secreted in the culture fluids of splenocytes originating from TPC-, tuftsin (T)-, and PBS-treated mice. The data are presented as concentrations in pg/ml; n = 10 per group. *, P < 0.02; ***, P < 0.001.