Table 1.
Demographic and symptom measures for 22q11DS (n = 42) and HC subject (n = 39) groupsa
| HCS (n = 39) |
22q11DS (n = 42) |
Between-groups |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | T or χ2 | p | |
| Age (yr) | 14.1 | 4.7 | 15.7 | 5.3 | 1.5 | 0.140 |
| Sex, N (% male)b | 46.2 | — | 40.5 | — | 0.7 | 0.403 |
| Handedness, N (% right-handed)b | 91.0 | — | 95.2 | — | 1.1 | 0.289 |
| Paternal education (yr) | 13.7 | 3.9 | 15.0 | 3.8 | 1.5 | 0.141 |
| Maternal education (yr) | 14.5 | 3.8 | 15.7 | 2.2 | 1.6 | 0.115 |
| Subject education (yr) | 7.9 | 4.7 | 8.5 | 3.8 | 0.7 | 0.499 |
| WASI full-scale IQ | 108.0 | 20.2 | 77.6 | 14.5 | 7.3 | 1.8 × 10−10 |
| Verbal IQ | 57.8 | 13.9 | 36.2 | 9.6 | 7.6 | 5.5 × 10−11 |
| Nonverbal IQ | 50.0 | 11.4 | 34.4 | 13.4 | 5.6 | 3.3 × 10−7 |
| Anxiety disorder, N (%) | 15.4 | — | 50.0 | — | — | — |
| ADHD, N (%) | 5.1 | — | 45.2 | — | — | — |
| ASD, N (%) | 0.0 | — | 54.8 | — | — | — |
| Mood disorder, N (%) | 12.8 | — | 23.8 | — | — | — |
| Psychotic disorder, N (%) | 0.0 | — | 7.1 | — | — | — |
| Prodromal syndrome (N% meeting COPS) | 0.0 | — | 35.7 | — | — | — |
| Antipsychotic medication, N (%) | 0.0 | — | 11.9 | — | — | — |
| Psychostimulant medication, N (%) | 0.0 | — | 14.3 | — | — | — |
| Congenital cardiac defect, N (%) | 0.0 | — | 31.0 | — | — | — |
| BOLD movement (% frames scrubbed per subject) | 5.0 | 9.8 | 4.4 | 6.8 | 0.3 | 0.755 |
| BOLD temporal SNR | 89.0 | 14.6 | 92.1 | 15.4 | 0.9 | 0.369 |
aVerbal IQ, WASI Vocabulary T score; Nonverbal IQ, WASI Matrix Reasoning T score; COPS, Criteria of Prodromal Syndromes, as part of the SIPS. Psychiatric diagnostic categories were based on SCID-IV criteria: n = 12 subjects had two comorbid diagnoses; n = 18 had three or more diagnoses.
bSex and handedness are reported as percentages for each group, but for these categorical variables (male/female; left/right) between-group differences were evaluated via appropriate χ2 tests, rather than t test. n = 1 HCS was ambidextrous and thus excluded from this calculation.