Table 1.

Factors present in Africa that jeopardize the infection with WBP.

Country/Region	Risk factor (s)	Population studied	WBP	Reference
Western-Kenya	Contact with Animals (feces): Goats, sheep, chicken, ducks, donkeys, dog, cats	Children <5 years and adults	Giardia and Cryptosporidium	[79]
Dagoretti, Nairobi, Kenya	Social and gender determinants: gender, age and role in the household.	Children <5 years and 50–60 years	Cryptosporidium	[81]
Chencha town, Southern Ethiopia	Absence of washing facility, home cleanness condition and type of latrine	Children <5 years	E. histolytica/dispar, and G. lamblia	[78]
Kumasi Metropolis-Ghana	Irrigation water into the food chain, wastewater	Farmers	Cryptosporidium spp.	[49]
Settat, Morocco	Irrigation with raw wastewater in agriculture	Children between 3–9 years	Giardia intestinalis	[51]
Fulanis in Kuraje rural settlement of Zamfara state, Nigeria	Poor housing and sanitary conditions (open air defecation), lack of potable water and illiteracy	Children <5 years and adults	Giardia lamblia, and E. histolytica	[52]
Nigeria	Co-infection with malaria, stunting, younger age <2, low levels of maternal education and socioeconomic status.	Children <5 years	Cryptosporidium: C. parvum and C. hominis	[53]
Ibadan South East Local Government Area, Nigeria	Type of toilet facility used, source of drinking water, and knowledge of parasite transmission patterns	Children <5 years and adults	Isospora, and Cryptosporidium	[54]
Archetypal African urban slum in Nigeria	Unsafe drinking water, education, bad environmental hygiene	School aged children	E. histolytica/dispar, G. duodenalis, Entamoeba coli, and Blastocystis hominis	[55]
Eastern Cape Province of South Africa	Farm animals contact	>18 years old and HIV infected	Cryptosporidium spp.	[56]
Rural western Kenya	Clinical, environmental and behavioural conditions	Children from 0 to 5 years old	Cryptosporidium spp.	[57]