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. 2019 Feb 6;2019:1046504. doi: 10.1155/2019/1046504

Figure 4.

Figure 4

HUVECs were pretreated with peptide fractions (1 mg/ml) for 8 h before 24 h of exposure to TNF-α (50 ng/ml). (a) Cell viability was spectrophotometrically detected through formazan production in the presence of dehydrogenases in cells. Total RNA was extracted and qRT-PCR analysis was performed to determine (b) VCAM-1 gene expression, (c) p65 gene expression, and (d) p50 gene expression. Relative changes in mRNA expression levels were calculated according to the 2−ΔΔCt method using RPL13A as reference gene. Results are expressed as mean ± SEM of three independent experiments. ∗∗ P < 0.01 and ∗∗∗ P < 0.001 significantly different from the control; °P < 0.05, °°P < 0.01, and °°°P < 0.001 significantly different from the vehicle (V, DMSO).