Table 3. Mild and moderate-to-high perinatal risk (compared to full-term) as predictors of child physical health outcomes across five sets of adjusted models.
| Child Physical Health Outcomes | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poor global physical health (N = 5932 assessments over four years) | Disability (N = 4449 assessments over three years) |
Higher BMI (N = 5932 assessments over four years) |
|||||||||||
| Adjusted Models | OR [95% CI] | p | OR [95% CI] | p | Coef [95% CI] | p | |||||||
| 1. | Perinatal risk | ||||||||||||
| Full-term (reference) | |||||||||||||
| Mild | 1.15 | [0.93, | 1.41] | 0.20 | 0.96 | [0.51, | 1.79] | 0.90 | -0.24 | [-0.38, | -0.10] | 0.001 | |
| Moderate-to-high | 1.37 | [0.98, | 1.92] | 0.06 | 1.19 | [0.52, | 2.72] | 0.68 | -0.47 | [-0.69, | -0.26] | <0.001 | |
| Child factors | |||||||||||||
| Child age | 1.00 | [0.99, | 1.00] | 0.18 | 0.98 | [0.96, | 0.99] | 0.01 | -0.02 | [-0.02, | -0.01] | <0.001 | |
| Child female | 0.91 | [0.77, | 1.07] | 0.23 | 0.57 | [0.34, | 0.95] | 0.03 | -0.09 | [-0.20, | 0.02] | 0.12 | |
| Singleton birth | 1.40 | [0.66, | 3.00] | 0.38 | 0.35 | [0.09, | 1.31] | 0.12 | -0.30 | [-0.78, | 0.17] | 0.21 | |
| 2. | Perinatal risk | ||||||||||||
| Full-term (reference) | |||||||||||||
| Mild | 1.09 | [0.88, | 1.34] | 0.44 | 1.02 | [0.54, | 1.91] | 0.96 | -0.21 | [-0.34, | -0.07] | 0.004 | |
| Moderate-to-high | 1.27 | [0.91, | 1.78] | 0.16 | 1.20 | [0.51, | 2.80] | 0.68 | -0.42 | [-0.63, | -0.21] | <0.001 | |
| Child factors | |||||||||||||
| Child age | 1.18 | [0.96, | 1.46] | 0.11 | 1.21 | [0.67, | 2.16] | 0.53 | 0.10 | [-0.03, | 0.23] | 0.14 | |
| Child female | 1.00 | [0.84, | 1.19] | 0.99 | 1.14 | [0.68, | 1.92] | 0.61 | -0.17 | [-0.28, | -0.05] | 0.005 | |
| Singleton birth | 0.99 | [0.97, | 1.02] | 0.56 | 1.05 | [0.98, | 1.11] | 0.17 | 0.005 | [-0.01, | 0.02] | 0.59 | |
| Protective factors | |||||||||||||
| Non-smoking pregnancy | 0.98 | [0.96, | 0.99] | 0.002 | 0.98 | [0.94, | 1.02] | 0.41 | 0.01 | [0.00, | 0.02] | 0.10 | |
| No alcohol used in pregnancy | 1.04 | [1.00, | 1.08] | 0.047 | 1.15 | [1.03, | 1.28] | 0.01 | -0.02 | [-0.05, | 0.00] | 0.09 | |
| Higher social-emotional wellbeing | 1.00 | [0.98, | 1.01] | 0.61 | 1.01 | [0.98, | 1.05] | 0.48 | 0.00 | [-0.01, | 0.01] | 0.78 | |
| Cultural-based resilience | 0.79 | [0.66, | 0.95] | 0.01 | 0.92 | [0.55, | 1.54] | 0.74 | 0.12 | [0.01, | 0.24] | 0.03 | |
| Fewer stressful life events | 1.38 | [1.08, | 1.76] | 0.01 | 0.64 | [0.34, | 1.20] | 0.16 | -0.05 | [-0.19, | 0.10] | 0.55 | |
| Maternal age | 0.83 | [0.69, | 0.99] | 0.04 | 1.73 | [0.86, | 3.47] | 0.13 | 0.51 | [0.38, | 0.64] | <0.001 | |
| Maternal education Year 12 or above | 1.08 | [0.91, | 1.29] | 0.36 | 1.08 | [0.65, | 1.81] | 0.76 | -0.13 | [-0.24, | -0.01] | 0.03 | |
| Accessible geographical location | 1.00 | [0.99, | 1.00] | 0.28 | 0.98 | [0.96, | 0.99] | 0.01 | -0.02 | [-0.02, | -0.01] | <0.001 | |
| Mother Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander | 0.90 | [0.77, | 1.06] | 0.22 | 0.58 | [0.35, | 0.97] | 0.04 | -0.09 | [-0.20, | 0.02] | 0.11 | |
| Mother employed | 1.34 | [0.61, | 2.96] | 0.46 | 0.40 | [0.12, | 1.32] | 0.13 | -0.29 | [-0.74, | 0.17] | 0.22 | |
Notes: BMI = body mass index. Data in tables are from data including multiple imputation and are odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals [CI] from logistic regression [global physical health] reflecting the relative odds of being in a less healthy group; logistic regression [disability]; or regression coefficients (coef) with 95% CI from multiple linear regression [BMI]. Bold-face represents statistically significant results (p<0.05).