Table 3. Associations of socioeconomic conditions and social relationships with mental health problems, odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) of logistic regressions.
| General mental health problems (MHI-5 score ≤56) |
Depressive symptomatology (HADS-D score ≥8) |
||
|---|---|---|---|
| Number of observations | 456 | 498 | |
| Effect sizes | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Socioeconomic conditions | |||
| Years of formal education (per year) | Model 1 | 1.01 (0.93–1.09) | 0.95 (0.88–1.03) |
| Model 2 | 1.03 (0.95–1.12) | 0.99 (0.91–1.07) | |
| Model 3a | 1.03 (0.95–1.12) | 0.98 (0.92–1.05) | |
| Net-equivalent household income (per CHF 1000) | Model 1 | 0.95 (0.84–1.08) | 0.87 (0.76–0.98)* |
| Model 2 | 0.99 (0.87–1.14) | 0.90 (0.78–1.04) | |
| Model 3a | 1.00 (0.87–1.15) | 0.90 (0.77–1.05) | |
| Financial strain | |||
| No financial strain | Reference | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Slight strain | Model 1 | 1.80 (1.04–3.11)* | 2.48 (1.47–4.15)** |
| Massive strain | 5.57 (2.75–11.32)*** | 4.46 (2.16–9.20)*** | |
| Slight strain | Model 2 | 1.69 (0.94–3.02) | 2.37 (1.36–4.12)** |
| Massive strain | 4.94 (2.41–10.12)*** | 4.01 (1.85–8.70)*** | |
| Slight strain | Model 3a | 1.50 (0.80–2.80) | 2.13 (1.18–3.85)* |
| Massive strain | 3.11 (1.34–7.23)** | 2.47 (1.13–5.41)* | |
| Structural aspects of social relationships | |||
| Partner status | |||
| Having a partner | Reference | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Not having a partner | Model 1 | 1.67 (1.04–2.68)* | 1.83 (1.15–2.91)* |
| Model 2 | 1.67 (1.01–2.76)* | 2.08 (1.27–3.40)** | |
| Model 3b | 1.62 (0.96–2.72) | 2.04 (1.22–3.42)** | |
| Social contacts frequency | Model 1 | 0.90 (0.84–0.96)** | 0.93 (0.86–1.01) |
| Model 2 | 0.88 (0.82–0.95)** | 0.94 (0.87–1.02) | |
| Model 3b | 0.87 (0.81–0.94)*** | 0.95 (0.88–1.03) | |
| Number of supportive relationships | Model 1 | 0.84 (0.73–0.97)* | 0.72 (0.62–0.85)*** |
| Model 2 | 0.83 (0.71–0.96)* | 0.74 (0.62–0.87)*** | |
| Model 3b | 0.83 (0.70–0.98)* | 0.75 (0.63–0.89)** | |
| Functional aspects of social relationships | |||
| Satisfaction with overall social support | |||
| Satisfied | Reference | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Less than satisfied | Model 1 | 3.08 (1.36–6.98)* | 3.06 (1.40–6.69)* |
| Model 2 | 2.96 (1.27–6.89)* | 2.79 (1.22–6.42)* | |
| Model 3b | 2.46 (0.95–6.37) | 2.25 (0.95–5.32) | |
| Satisfaction with family relationships | |||
| Satisfied | Reference | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Less than satisfied | Model 1 | 4.21 (2.43–7.30)*** | 3.44 (2.00–5.92)*** |
| Model 2 | 4.03 (2.26–7.18)*** | 3.25 (1.82–5.80)*** | |
| Model 3b | 3.21 (1.72–6.00)*** | 2.62 (1.44–5.00)*** | |
| Satisfaction with contacts to friends | |||
| Satisfied | Reference | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Less than satisfied | Model 1 | 7.48 (4.33–12.93)*** | 4.61 (2.70–7.89)*** |
| Model 2 | 6.60 (3.77–11.55)*** | 3.92 (2.24–6.88)*** | |
| Model 3b | 5.89 (3.27–10.62)*** | 3.45 (1.93–6.18)*** | |
| Satisfaction with partner relationship | |||
| Subgroup: Number of observations | 294 | 320 | |
| Satisfied | Reference | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Less than satisfied | Model 1 | 4.69 (2.34–9.41)*** | 2.24 (1.09–4.59)* |
| Model 2 | 6.29 (2.79–14.18)*** | 2.68 (1.20–5.98)* | |
| Model 3b | 5.53 (2.44–12.51)*** | 2.20 (0.98–4.96) |
* p≤0.05
** p≤0.01
*** p≤0.001. P values from unrestricted fraction missing information tests.
Note: Predictors imputed by multiple imputation, outcome variables full case only. All analyses weighted by inverse probability weights.
Abbreviations: HADS-D: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, depression subscale; MHI-5: 5-item Mental Health Inventory of SF-36.
Model 1: Unadjusted.
Model 2: Adjusted for sex, age, level and degree of lesion, etiology, time since injury, chronic pain, paid employment. Not mutually adjusted for other socioeconomic or social relationship variables.
Model 3a: Model 2 additionally adjusted for functional and structural aspects of social relationships.
Model 3b: Model 2 additionally adjusted for socioeconomic conditions.