Fig. 3. Excluding vertebrate granivores reduced seed predation but did not change geographic patterns.

The figure compares invertebrate seed predation (light gray) and total seed predation (dark gray) from sites and dates that included the vertebrate exclusion treatment (25 experimental runs across 60 sites). The latitudinal trend in invertebrate seed predation is as strong as the trend in total seed predation (trends shown for the median site elevation ±95% CI; note that invertebrate predation is as shown in Fig. 2G), although vertebrate exclusion reduced seed predation overall (right); different letters indicate significant differences; and center line, boxes, and whiskers show the means, 1 SE, and 95% CI, respectively. Data were extracted from GLMM model 3 (Table 1).