Table 2. Suggested potential role of antibiotics in clinical practice.

Indication	Antibiotic	Treatment length
Luminal CD	Metronidazole ± azithromycin	Up to eight weeks
Perianal CD	Ciprofloxacin ± metronidazole	Three weeks or more
Post-operative recurrence	Metronidazole	Twelve weeks
VEO-IBD	Vancomycin + gentamicin	Three weeks
Acute severe or chronic UC	Amoxicillin/metronidazole/doxycycline/vancomycin	Three weeks

Treatment with routine medications should not be delayed while trialing antibiotics, particularly in moderate-severe presentations. VEO-IBD, very-early onset IBD; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; CD, Crohn’s disease.