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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Environ Res. 2019 Jan 10;171:101–110. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.01.018

Table 3.

Sample-weighted multiple regression slopes for urinary MA and PGA concentrations (µg/L) among NHANES 2005 – 2006 and NHANES 2011 – 2012 exclusive smokersa (N = 867).

Variable MA (µg/L) PGA (µg/L)
Slope [95% CI]d p-valuee 𝚫Y [95%CI]f Slope [95% CI]d p-valuee 𝚫Y [95%CI]f
Intercept 4.47 [4.20, 4.75] <.0001 2.08E+04 [1.59E+04, 2.72E+04] 3.45 [2.99, 3.90] <.0001 6.24E+03 [3.95E+03, 9.80E+03]
Creatinine, urine [g/L]b 0.622 [0.534, 0.709] <.0001 207 [171, 247] 0.913 [0.784, 1.04] <.0001 307 [247, 375]
Fasting time [HH.00]c 0.007 [−0.003, 0.017] 0.1554 1.74 [−0.602, 4.11] 0.016 [−0.004, 0.037] 0.1155 3.40 [−0.712, 7.60]
Cotinine, serum [ng/mL] 0.001 [0.0005, 0.002] 0.0006 0.267 [0.129, 0.405] 0.0008 [0.0004, 0.001] 0.0003 0.174 [0.0908, 0.258]
NHANES Cycle
2005 – 2006 Ref. . Ref. Ref. . Ref.
2011 – 2012 −0.155 [−0.334, 0.025] 0.0881 −34.5 [−67.1, 4.29] 0.447 [0.293, 0.600] <.0001 116 [71.6, 167]
Age (yr)
6–11 — . — — . —
12–19 −0.114 [−0.280, 0.0514] 0.1695 −26.0 [−57.6, 11.1] −0.022 [−0.399, 0.354] 0.9042 −4.56 [−65.7, 83.3]
20–39 Ref. . Ref. Ref. . Ref.
40–59 0.189 [0.059, 0.320] 0.0058 50.1 [15.8, 88.9] 0.102 [−0.149, 0.353] 0.4155 22.0 [−26.8, 84.2]
≥60 0.185 [0.005, 0.364] 0.0443 48.8 [2.85, 103] 0.276 [−0.019, 0.570] 0.0659 65.2 [−1.64, 154]
Race/ethnicity
Mexican-American −0.219 [−0.432, −0.006] 0.0439 −47.3 [−83.1, −3.43] −0.337 [−0.637, −0.037] 0.0289 −58.8 [−95.6, −9.68]
Non-Hispanic Black −0.105 [−0.238, 0.028] 0.1166 −24.0 [−49.9, 5.49] −0.227 [−0.369, −0.085] 0.0027 −41.8 [−62.7, −17.7]
Non-Hispanic White Ref. . Ref. Ref. . Ref.
Other Hispanic or Multi Race −0.057 [−0.245, 0.131] 0.5411 −13.3 [−50.8, 31.6] 0.072 [−0.214, 0.359] 0.6101 15.4 [−37.8, 85.6]
Sex
Female 0.135 [0.005, 0.264] 0.0416 34.6 [2.49, 71.0] 0.226 [0.037, 0.416] 0.0206 52.2 [9.31, 104]
Male Ref. . Ref. Ref. . Ref.
Poverty Status
No Ref. . Ref. . Ref.
Yes 0.038 [−0.116, 0.193] 0.6164 9.40 [−25.1, 49.5] 0.149 [−0.034, 0.331] 0.1066 32.9 [−5.44, 78.6]
BMI
Healthy weight Ref. . Ref. Ref. . Ref.
Overweight/Obese −0.002 [−0.141, 0.138] 0.9826 −0.361 [−30.4, 34.0] 0.092 [−0.135, 0.319] 0.4169 19.7 [−24.5, 74.8]
Underweight 0.103 [−0.169, 0.374] 0.4466 26.0 [−35.2, 105] 0.229 [−0.161, 0.620] 0.2399 53.0 [−27.9, 171]
Food Group
Milk Products [kg/d] −0.067 [−0.226, 0.091] 0.3936 −15.6 [−47.4, 21.4] −0.047 [−0.387, 0.293] 0.7806 −9.41 [−64.1, 66.4]
Meat, Poultry [kg/d] −0.124 [−0.385, 0.137] 0.3408 −28.0 [−75.2, 32.6] −0.006 [−0.494, 0.482] 0.9798 −1.25 [−77.8, 121]
Eggs [kg/d] −0.249 [−0.920, 0.422] 0.4547 −53.0 [−142, 117] 0.979 [−0.382, 2.34] 0.1525 342 [−57.8, 1.82E+03]
Legumes, Nuts, Seeds [kg/d] 0.024 [−0.959, 1.01] 0.9615 5.71 [−145, 393] 0.636 [−0.107, 1.38] 0.0906 183 [−15.5, 588]
Grain Products [kg/d] 0.172 [0.010, 0.334] 0.0382 45.0 [3.89, 93.1] 0.248 [−0.104, 0.600] 0.1604 57.9 [−17.8, 164]
Fruits [kg/d] −0.315 [−0.589, −0.041] 0.0255 −65.0 [−106, −12.1] −0.850 [−1.32, −0.386] 0.0007 −118 [−149, −68.2]
Vegetables [kg/d] −0.328 [−0.597, −0.059] 0.0184 −67.3 [−107, −16.1] −0.176 [−0.617, 0.264] 0.4208 −33.3 [−92.8, 57.8]
Fats, Oils, Salad Dressings [kg/d] −0.459 [−2.72, 1.80] 0.6817 −88.4 [−223, 1.09E+03] −2.44 [−6.40, 1.52] 0.2185 −188 [−205, 604]
Sugars, Sweets, Beverages [kg/d] −0.029 [−0.071, 0.013] 0.1714 −6.81 [−16.0, 2.79] −0.003 [−0.061, 0.055] 0.9197 −0.594 [−11.7, 11.2]
Beer [kg/d] 0.042 [−0.101, 0.185] 0.5559 10.2 [−21.9, 47.1] 0.065 [−0.093, 0.224] 0.4076 13.9 [−17.1, 50.0]
Wine [kg/d] −0.163 [−1.10, 0.773] 0.7258 −36.0 [−157, 262] −0.143 [−0.700, 0.415] 0.6054 −27.4 [−101, 99.2]
a

Participants with serum cotinine measurement >10 ng/mL

b

Although urinary creatinine concentration is usually reported in mg/dL, here this concentration is in g/L so that its slope simplifies to the more readily interpretable scale of μg/g creatinine.

c

The time between when the participant last ate or drank anything other than water and the time of the venipuncture.

d

95% confidence interval

e

p-Values estimated from identical models where the dependent variable was natural log-transformed

f

𝚫Y is the expected change in biomarker concentration in µmol/L associated with a unit-increase in the predictor, controlling for other predictors in the model. 𝚫Y [95%CI] computed with GM[Y] = 240 µg/L for MA and GM[Y] = 206 µg/L for PGA.