Table 3.
Univariable and multivariable competing risk regression analysis for lung cancer-specific death in patients with lung squamous cell carcinoma (N=80)
| Risk factor for lung cancer-specific death | N | (%) | Univariable analysis | Final multivariable model | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SHR | 95% CI | P | SHR | 95% CI | P | |||
| Age (per 1-year increase) | 0.97 | (0.93–1.02) | 0.2 | |||||
| Male sex (vs female) | 54 | (68) | 1.10 | (0.47–2.58) | 0.8 | |||
| Smoking status (vs never) | ||||||||
| Former | 64 | (80) | 0.35 | (0.03–4.72) | 0.4 | |||
| Current | 14 | (18) | 0.43 | (0.03–6.58) | 0.5 | |||
| Pack-years (per 1-pack-year increase) | 1.00 | (0.98–1.01) | 0.6 | |||||
| cStage III (vs II) | 55 | (69) | 0.59 | (0.26–1.34) | 0.2 | |||
| Resection type (vs lobectomy) | ||||||||
| Pneumonectomy | 19 | (24) | 1.02 | (0.40–2.60) | 1 | |||
| Bilobectomy | 8 | (10) | 0.91 | (0.23–3.62) | 0.9 | |||
| R1 (vs R0) | 2 | (3) | 1.30 | (0.34–4.95) | 0.7 | |||
| Adjuvant chemotherapy (vs no) | 7 | (9) | 1.57 | (0.51–4.82) | 0.4 | |||
| Postoperative radiotherapy (vs no) | 15 | (19) | 1.82 | (0.80–4.13) | 0.15 | |||
| Tumor bed size (per 1-cm increase) | 1.07 | (0.97–1.18) | 0.2 | |||||
| Viable tumor size (per 1-cm increase) | 1.11 | (0.98–1.25) | 0.093 | * | ||||
| ypN (vs N0) | ||||||||
| N1a | 16 | (20) | 2.48 | (0.87–7.07) | 0.089 | 1.87 | (0.65–5.36) | 0.2 |
| N1b | 3 | (4) | 4.61 | (0.85–24.86) | 0.076 | 2.75 | (0.49–15.42) | 0.2 |
| N2a | 17 | (21) | 1.93 | (0.67–5.57) | 0.2 | 1.51 | (0.51–4.48) | 0.5 |
| N2b | 4 | (5) | 2.71 | (0.60–12.15) | 0.2 | 1.62 | (0.35–7.46) | 0.5 |
| ypStage based on tumor bed size (vs I) | ||||||||
| II | 20 | (25) | 2.58 | (0.62–10.66) | 0.2 | |||
| III | 35 | (44) | 4.02 | (1.12–14.45) | 0.033 | |||
| ypStage based on viable tumor size (vs III) | ||||||||
| 0 | 1 | (1) | 0.00 | (0.00–1.00) | 0.001 | * | ||
| I | 32 | (40) | 0.35 | (0.10–1.15) | 0.084 | |||
| II | 25 | (31) | 1.57 | (0.67–3.68) | 0.3 | |||
| Subtype (vs keratinizing)† | ||||||||
| Nonkeratinizing | 26 | (33) | 0.34 | (0.11–1.06) | 0.062 | |||
| Basaloid | 3 | (4) | 0.82 | (0.14–4.65) | 0.8 | |||
| Lymphovascular invasion (vs absent) | 43 | (54) | 5.84 | (1.91–17.83) | 0.002 | * | ||
| Pleural invasion (vs PL0) | ||||||||
| PL1/2 | 9 | (11) | 1.26 | (0.35–4.56) | 0.7 | |||
| PL3 | 2 | (3) | 1.60 | (0.27–9.60) | 0.6 | |||
| Viable tumor >10% (vs ≤10%‡#) | 59 | (74) | 11.29 | (1.49–85.78) | 0.019 | 9.41 | (1.17–75.66) | 0.035 |
| Necrosis ≥5% (vs <5%‡) | 55 | (69) | 3.57 | (1.03–12.33) | 0.045 | * | ||
| Stroma >65% (vs ≤65%‡) | 22 | (28) | 0.19 | (0.04–0.83) | 0.027 | * | ||
| Inflammation >12% (vs ≤12%‡) | 23 | (29) | 0.42 | (0.14–1.25) | 0.12 | |||
| Fibrosis >55% (vs ≤55%‡) | 18 | (23) | 0.24 | (0.05–1.07) | 0.061 | * | ||
| Fibroelastotic scar (vs absent) | 32 | (40) | 0.91 | (0.42–1.99) | 0.8 | |||
| Hyalinization (vs absent) | 39 | (49) | 0.97 | (0.44–2.16) | 0.9 | |||
| Reactive giant cells (vs absent) | 44 | (55) | 0.52 | (0.23–1.15) | 0.11 | |||
| Cholesterol clefts (vs absent) | 41 | (51) | 0.38 | (0.17–0.88) | 0.023 | * | ||
| Foamy macrophages (vs absent) | 38 | (48) | 1.58 | (0.71–3.54) | 0.3 | |||
| Calcification (vs absent) | 12 | (15) | 0.80 | (0.23–2.76) | 0.7 | |||
NOTE. CI, confidence interval; MPR, major pathologic response; SCC, squamous cell carcinoma; SHR, subhazard ratio.
*
Not included in final multivariable model owing to association with percentage of viable tumor or ypN status.
†
Subtype was not evaluated in 4 patients without residual tumor; therefore this variable was not included in the multivariable analysis.
#
Major pathologic response was defined as percentage of viable tumor ≤10%.
‡
Cutoff values were determined by maximally selected rank statistics.