Table 1. Baseline characteristics of study population undergoing MVPCI (n=769,502).
| Variables | White, % | Black, % | Hispanic, % | Asian, % | Native American, % | Other, % | P | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | |||||||
| Number | 366,406 | 208,069 | 44,162 | 41,276 | 38,309 | 23,286 | 10,922 | 5,557 | 2,979 | 2,167 | 17,760 | 8,608 | ||||||
| Age in years | ||||||||||||||||||
| Mean age (years) | 66±12 | 70±13 | 62±13 | 64±14 | 63±13 | 66±15 | 64±13 | 69±14 | 64±12 | 66±12 | 64±13 | 68±14 | <0.001 | |||||
| 18–44 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 7.6 | 8.1 | 6.0 | 5.3 | 6.8 | 4.4 | 5.2 | 4.5 | 5.6 | 3.9 | <0.001 | |||||
| 45–64 | 39.5 | 28.2 | 50.6 | 41.0 | 45.9 | 34.0 | 43.9 | 26.2 | 46.3 | 39.7 | 45.2 | 31.0 | <0.001 | |||||
| 65–84 | 50.9 | 55.7 | 38.5 | 43.8 | 43.3 | 51.0 | 44.9 | 58.7 | 45.5 | 51.0 | 44.0 | 54.5 | <0.001 | |||||
| ≥85 | 6.0 | 12.2 | 2.8 | 6.6 | 4.0 | 8.3 | 4.0 | 10.0 | 2.8 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 9.6 | <0.001 | |||||
| Elective versus non-elective admission | ||||||||||||||||||
| Non-elective | 63.6 | 61.3 | 71.9 | 70.1 | 72.8 | 71.2 | 68.0 | 69.6 | 62.1 | 55.9 | 67.8 | 65.6 | <0.001 | |||||
| Elective | 36.4 | 38.7 | 28.1 | 29.9 | 27.2 | 28.8 | 32.0 | 30.4 | 37.9 | 44.1 | 32.2 | 34.4 | <0.001 | |||||
| Median household income national quartile for patient ZIP code# | ||||||||||||||||||
| 0–25th | 24.7 | 27.0 | 52.0 | 55.7 | 39.9 | 43.2 | 12.0 | 12.4 | 49.0 | 57.7 | 24.5 | 32.7 | <0.001 | |||||
| 26–50th | 27.8 | 28.7 | 21.3 | 21.0 | 25.3 | 24.4 | 17.1 | 20.4 | 25.5 | 23.5 | 25.3 | 23.5 | <0.001 | |||||
| 51–75th | 25.4 | 24.7 | 16.1 | 14.7 | 22.5 | 20.8 | 28.3 | 27.1 | 16.1 | 14.8 | 24.4 | 22.0 | <0.001 | |||||
| 76–100th | 22.2 | 19.6 | 10.6 | 8.5 | 12.3 | 11.7 | 42.6 | 40.1 | 9.4 | 4.1 | 25.8 | 21.8 | <0.001 | |||||
| Control/ownership of hospital | ||||||||||||||||||
| Government, nonfederal | 8.6 | 8.3 | 13.7 | 12.1 | 13.2 | 12.0 | 8.9 | 8.8 | 19.7 | 26.8 | 9.0 | 8.7 | <0.001 | |||||
| Private, non-profit | 75.8 | 75.6 | 69.9 | 70.9 | 57.5 | 56.8 | 76.4 | 75.6 | 53.1 | 47.8 | 73.2 | 71.9 | <0.001 | |||||
| Private, invest-own | 15.6 | 16.2 | 16.4 | 17.0 | 29.3 | 31.2 | 14.7 | 15.6 | 27.2 | 25.4 | 17.8 | 19.4 | <0.001 | |||||
| Location/teaching status of the hospital | ||||||||||||||||||
| Rural | 6.5 | 7.1 | 4.0 | 3.4 | 3.0 | 3.4 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 22.4 | 29.4 | 3.4 | 4.5 | <0.001 | |||||
| Urban, non-teaching | 38.7 | 39.7 | 28.3 | 28.9 | 39.7 | 41.1 | 34.4 | 37.5 | 35.7 | 28.2 | 34.1 | 35.5 | <0.001 | |||||
| Urban, teaching | 54.8 | 53.2 | 67.7 | 67.7 | 57.2 | 55.5 | 64.5 | 61.5 | 41.9 | 42.4 | 62.5 | 59.9 | <0.001 | |||||
| Region of hospital | ||||||||||||||||||
| Northeast | 18.5 | 17.7 | 16.9 | 17.1 | 15.5 | 14.9 | 24.2 | 18.5 | 6.8 | 4.9 | 37.2 | 36.1 | <0.001 | |||||
| Midwest | 25.7 | 26.1 | 20.9 | 22.0 | 6.6 | 6.0 | 8.8 | 8.5 | 19.0 | 18.5 | 16.4 | 16.8 | <0.001 | |||||
| South | 37.9 | 39.4 | 53.4 | 53.0 | 42.5 | 43.7 | 15.2 | 14.2 | 43.9 | 47.0 | 30.4 | 31.4 | <0.001 | |||||
| West | 17.8 | 16.8 | 8.8 | 8.0 | 35.4 | 35.4 | 51.8 | 58.8 | 30.4 | 29.6 | 16.1 | 15.6 | <0.001 | |||||
| Primary expected payer | ||||||||||||||||||
| Medicare | 58.8 | 71.2 | 56.7 | 66.6 | 52.0 | 61.2 | 42.2 | 62.9 | 54.4 | 64.0 | 46.5 | 63.3 | <0.001 | |||||
| Medicaid | 4.8 | 5.6 | 12.1 | 13.2 | 13.0 | 16.6 | 16.0 | 15.6 | 10.3 | 11.1 | 12.8 | 14.3 | <0.001 | |||||
| Private including HMO | 29.2 | 18.6 | 21.4 | 14.9 | 23.2 | 14.3 | 34.2 | 16.5 | 22.5 | 15.5 | 30.6 | 16.5 | <0.001 | |||||
| Self-pay | 4.1 | 2.8 | 5.6 | 3.3 | 7.0 | 4.7 | 4.3 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.1 | 6.8 | 4.3 | <0.001 | |||||
| No charge | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 1.3 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.5 | <0.001 | |||||
| Other | 2.7 | 1.4 | 3.7 | 1.6 | 3.6 | 2.6 | 2.9 | 1.8 | 9.4 | 6.2 | 2.9 | 1.1 | <0.001 | |||||
| Length of stay (days) | 4±6 | 5±6 | 6±8 | 7±9 | 6±8 | 7±9 | 5±8 | 6±10 | 5±6 | 5±5 | 4±6 | 6±9 | <0.001 | |||||
| ≤3 days | 64.3 | 55.6 | 47.0 | 41.6 | 52.5 | 45.9 | 64.4 | 51.4 | 61.2 | 58.9 | 64.4 | 52.0 | <0.001 | |||||
| ≥13 days | 6.5 | 8.4 | 13.1 | 15.5 | 10.7 | 13.2 | 7.4 | 10.7 | 7.4 | 8.1 | 7.4 | 12.4 | <0.001 | |||||
| Total hospital charges | $95,741 | $97,388 | $106,725 | $106,618 | $128,096 | $130,956 | $128,842 | $139,186 | $ 97,679 | $ 82,917 | $102,641 | $111,564 | <0.001 | |||||
| All-cause in-hospital mortality | 2.0 | 2.6 | 1.8 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 3.0 | 2.2 | 3.8 | 1.2 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 3.4 | <0.001 | |||||
P value <0.05 indicates clinical significance. #, the quartiles are identified by values of 1 to 4, indicating the poorest to wealthiest populations. Because these estimates are updated annually, the value ranges vary by year. Derived from https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/db/vars/zipinc_qrtl/nisnote.jsp. MVPCI, multi-vessel percutaneous coronary interventions; HMO, health maintenance organization.