Table 1.
Sociodemographic, clinical characteristics and cognitive performances.
| MCI group | Control group | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | (n = 24) | (n = 24) | p-value |
| Age (years) | 60.67 ± 6.92 | 61.25 ± 6.77 | 0.769a |
| Female, n (%) | 14 (58.33) | 9 (37.50) | 0.149c |
| Education Levels (years) | 9.50 (9.00–12.00) | 11.50 (8.25–12.00) | 0.800b |
| Smoking, n (%) | 11 (45.83) | 9 (37.50) | 0.558c |
| Alcohol, n (%) | 8 (33.33) | 5 (20.83) | 0.330c |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.19 ± 3.45 | 26.01 ± 3.36 | 0.409a |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 17 (70.83) | 12 (50.00) | 0.140c |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 10.00 (8.25–15.75) | 10.00 (7.00–13.00) | 0.367b |
| Metformin usage, n (%) | 21 (87.50) | 16 (66.67) | 0.086c |
| Insulin usage, n (%) | 17 (70.83) | 13 (54.17) | 0.233c |
| HbA1c (%) | 9.25 ± 1.27 | 7.95 ± 0.90 | <0.001a |
| FBG (mmol/L) | 9.68 ± 2.11 | 7.83 ± 1.62 | 0.001a |
| FCP (ng/mL) | 0.46 (0.33–0.55) | 0.58 (0.43–0.83) | 0.021b |
| HOMA-IR (FCP) | 0.20 (0.13–0.27) | 0.21 (0.15–0.28) | 0.353b |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.62 (0.89–2.33) | 1.34 (0.97–1.98) | 0.688b |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.87 ± 1.03 | 4.38 ± 1.24 | 0.149a |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.22 ± 0.27 | 1.09 ± 0.27 | 0.102a |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 3.04 ± 0.93 | 2.70 ± 0.88 | 0.206a |
| SCr (μmol/L) | 68.96 ± 19.60 | 70.28 ± 20.09 | 0.819a |
| BUN (mmol/L) | 5.70 ± 1.15 | 5.95 ± 1.26 | 0.469a |
| UA (μmol/L) | 282.33 ± 65.91 | 336.92 ± 98.24 | 0.029a |
| Neuropsychological tests | |||
| MoCA | 24.00 (22.00–25.00) | 28.00 (27.00–29.00) | <0.001b |
| DST | 11.00 (10.00–11.75) | 12.00 (11.00–13.00) | 0.023b |
| VFT | 14.50 (13.00–18.00) | 18.00 (15.25–20.00) | 0.012b |
| CDT | 4.00 (3.00–4.00) | 4.00 (3.00–4.00) | 0.596b |
| TMT-A | 68.50 (56.50–87.50) | 55.00 (45.50–71.00) | 0.020b |
| TMT-B | 171.50 (116.50–215.00) | 123.00 (90.25–159.75) | 0.042b |
| AVLT-immediate recall | 16.00 (14.00–18.75) | 19.00 (15.25–23.50) | 0.041b |
| AVLT-delayed recall | 5.00 (3.00–6.00) | 6.00 (5.00–8.75) | 0.016b |
Data are presented as n (%), mean ± standard deviation, or median (interquartile range) as appropriate.
aStudent’s t-test for comparison of normally distributed quantitative variables between MCI group and control group.
bMann–Whitney U test for comparison of asymmetrically distributed quantitative variables between MCI group and control group.
cχ2 test for comparison of qualitative variables between MCI group and control group.
MCI, mild cognitive impairment; BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; FBG, fasting blood glucose; FCP, fasting C-peptide; HOMA-IR(FCP): replacing fasting insulin with FCP in the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance formula; TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; SCr, serum creatinine; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; UA, uric acid; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; DST, Digit Span Test; VFT, Verbal Fluency Test; CDT, Clock Drawing Test; TMT, Trail Making Test; AVLT, Auditory Verbal Learning Test.