Figure 1.

(A) Theoretical overview of sensory signal integration and its effect on the measurement noise. When action and consequence diverge in time, the integration becomes weaker, which in turn increases the measurement noise. This increase is the foundation for the NSKF model. (B) Experimental setup: Each trial, the red ball on the screen moved toward the reference line (v = 20, 23, or 26 cm/s; TTC = 1.0, 1.2, or 1.4 s). Participants were instructed to press a button (action) when the ball was as close to the vertical line as possible. The consequence of the action was delayed incrementally with 1 ms per trial. The visual consequence was the disappearance of the ball and the auditory consequence was a low pitched tone. Participants needed to press earlier to align the consequence of the action with the reference, and account for the added delay. Each condition consisted of 270 trials (of which 135 baseline trials and 135 adaptation trials). (C) The NSKF model was tested for different perturbation paradigms.