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. 2019 Feb 20;9:2372. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-38870-7

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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IFN-γ globally down-regulates viral gene expression, but TNF-α does not. (A) iSLK.219 cells were induced to lytic replication by Dox (0.2 μg/ml) for 36 hr before the addition of IFN-γ or TNF-α. The concentration of each cytokine is indicated (units/ml). Four hours after treatment with the cytokines, total RNA was extracted and processed for the custom KSHV tiling array. KSHV genes downregulated by more than 50% by both IFN-γ and TNF-α are indicated on the right. Green bands with strong signal, which are not annotated in the middle of the array, are transcripts from the repeated regions of the one end of the KSHV genome. The scale color bar is shown on the left. (B) Summary of KSHV genes that were significantly downregulated by IFN-γ compared to the Dox-alone control. Viral genes that were inhibited by more than 2-fold are shown on the left, and those that were between 1.5- and 2-fold are on the right. Viral genes are grouped according to their temporal regulation. IE: immediate-early genes; DE: delayed-early genes.