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. 2019 Feb 20;10:856. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-08775-0

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — The odds ratios for HbAS in cases versus community controls, stratified by year of study. Triangles show the ORs for HbAS among patients admitted with a negative and diamonds for patients admitted with a positive blood slides for P. falciparum malaria parasites. Circles show the prevalence of P. falciparum parasite positivity among all admitted patients. The x-axis denotes each year of the study between 2000 and 2005. Horizontal dashed line denotes an OR of one: ORs below the line denote a protective effect of HbAS against the condition of interest. Error bars show 95% confidence intervals