Table 1.
Characteristics of Chinese Nonagenarians and Centenarians by muscle mass and gender.
| Men | Women | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low muscle mass | Normal muscle mass | p | Low muscle mass | Normal muscle mass | p | |
| N | 32 | 206 | 86 | 414 | ||
| Age (years) | 94.0 ± 4.0 | 93.1 ± 2.9 | 0.211 | 94.7 ± 3.7 | 93.5 ± 3.2 | 0.001 |
| Illiteracy (n, %) | 11 (34.4) | 76 (37.6) | 0.724 | 78 (90.7) | 369 (89.3) | 0.709 |
| Current alcohol drinker (n, %) | 0.675 | 0.155 | ||||
| Current | 8 (25.0) | 80 (40.0) | 19 (22.9) | 79 (19.4) | ||
| Former | 10 (31.3) | 63 (31.5) | 11 (13.3) | 48 (11.8) | ||
| No | 14 (43.8) | 57 (28.5) | 53 (63.9) | 280 (68.8) | ||
| Current smoker (n, %) | 0.035 | 0.753 | ||||
| Current | 23 (71.9) | 144 (70.9) | 23 (27.7) | 130 (31.9) | ||
| Former | 2 (6.3) | 40 (19.7) | 19 (22.9) | 86 (21.1) | ||
| No | 7 (21.9) | 19 (9.4) | 41 (49.4) | 192 (47.1) | ||
| Choronic diseases | ||||||
| Osteoarthritis (n, %) | 3 (12.0) | 51 (33.3) | 0.031 | 27 (42.9) | 138 (43.7) | 0.905 |
| Gastrointestinal diseases (n, %) | 5 (20.8) | 26 (18.2) | 0.778 | 22 (35.5) | 73 (25.3) | 0.115 |
| Respiratory diseases (n, %) | 5 (21.7.0) | 28 (19.7) | 0.783 | 14 (24.6) | 59 (21.9) | 0.655 |
| Geriatric conditions | ||||||
| ADL impairment (n, %) | 9 (28.1) | 45 (22.1) | 0.448 | 37 (44.0) | 152 (36.8) | 0.213 |
| Cognitive impairment (n, %) | 17 (60.7) | 131 (73.2) | 0.174 | 64 (95.5) | 339 (92.1) | 0.326 |
| Vision problems (n, %) | 7 (25.0) | 92 (52.3) | 0.007 | 34 (47.9) | 184 (51.0) | 0.635 |
| Hearing problems (n, %) | 9 (33.3) | 62 (34.8) | 0.879 | 22 (30.6) | 147 (39.5) | 0.152 |
| Falls (n, %) | 14 (45.2) | 102 (53.1) | 0.640 | 34 (41.5) | 174 (43.0) | 0.903 |
| Height (cm) | 163.8 ± 10.1 | 162.9 ± 7.7 | 0.654 | 146.2 ± 6.3 | 151.2 ± 7.2 | <0.001 |
| Weight (kg) | 37.4 ± 4.1 | 48.4 ± 6.9 | <0.001 | 29.0 ± 2.5 | 40.5 ± 6.6 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 13.9 ± 0.8 | 18.2 ± 2.5 | <0.001 | 13.6 ± 1.5 | 17.8 ± 2.9 | <0.001 |
| MAC (cm) | 23.0 ± 6.0 | 23.7 ± 3.1 | 0.494 | 20.4 ± 3.0 | 23.4 ± 2.8 | <0.001 |
| CC (cm) | 27.4 ± 3.5 | 28.4 ± 3.5 | 0.148 | 23.0 ± 2.8 | 25.4 ± 2.9 | <0.001 |
| ASM (kg) | 14.5 ± 1.8 | 16.5 ± 1.8 | <0.001 | 6.8 ± 0.9 | 9.6 ± 1.6 | <0.001 |
| SMI (kg/m2) | 5.4 ± 0.2 | 6.2 ± 0.5 | <0.001 | 3.2 ± 0.2 | 4.2 ± 0.5 | <0.001 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 41.4 ± 7.7 | 42.6 ± 3.1 | 0.396 | 42.5 ± 2.9 | 43.1 ± 3.7 | 0.178 |
Mean and standard deviation are shown for continuous variables, proportions as percent are shown for categorical variables.
Using Pearson Chi-Square tests or Fisher’s exact test (with the expected cell count of <5) for categorical variables and independent t test for continuous variables, p < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
MAC: mid arm circumference, CC: calf circumference, ADL: activities of daily living, ASM: appendicular skeletal muscle mass, SMI: skeletal muscle mass index.