Table 1.
The frequency and expressions of key dental traits in Dushan 1 and comparative samples.
| Dushan 1 | East Asia archaic Homo |
East Asia EMH |
East Asia RMH |
Java H. erectus |
Neanderthal | Global H. sapiens |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Trait comparisons (Frequency and specimen number) | ||||||||
| 3 | I1 Labial convexity | 1/2 (EP-2) |
92.8% (13/14) | 42.9% (3/7) | 9.6% (8/83) | 100% N = 21 |
30.8% N = 91 |
|
| 6 | I2 Interruption groove present |
1/2 (Hs) |
0% (0/7) | 0% (0/6) | 43.6% (92/211) | 10.4–65.0% N = 5693 |
||
| 9 | P3 Transverse crest present | 0/2 (Hs) |
17.7% (3/17) | 20% (1/5) | 4.2% (3/71) | 33.3% (3/9) | 6.7% N = 15 | 2% (6/283) |
| 10 | P4 Transverse crest present | 0/2 (Hs) |
21.4% (3/14) | 25% (1/4) | 2.9% (2/70) | 50% (4/8) | 12.4% N = 16 | 2% (5/279) |
| 13 | P3 Bifurcated essential crest | 2/2 (EP-2) |
100% (15/15) | 0% (0/4) | 44.2% (23/52) | 53.3% N = 15 | 11.1% N = 126 | |
| 14 | P4 Bifurcated essential crest | 2/2 (EP-2) |
100% (16/16) | 55.3% (26/47) | 78.6% N = 14 | 9.4% N = 106 | ||
| 17 | P3 Mesial or distal accessory ridge | 2/2 (Hs) |
93.3% (14/15) | 50% (2/4) | 43.3% (26/60) | 36.4% N = 11 | 23.4–57.0% N = 749 |
|
| 18 | P4 Mesial or distal accessory ridge | 2/2 (Hs) |
93.8% (15/16) | 67.6% (46/68) | 41.7% N = 12 | 33.0–80.2% N = 749 |
||
| 19 | P3 Mesial or distal accessory ridge | 2/2 (Hs) |
100% (10/10) | 25% (1/4) | 52.0% (40/77) | 90% N = 20 | 11.9% N = 13521 | |
| 20 | P4 Mesial or distal accessory ridge | 2/2 (Hs) |
100% (8/8) | 33.3% (1/3) | 46.6% (34/73) | 70% N = 20 | 23% N = 115 | |
| 21 | P3 Accessory marginal tubercle | 2/2 (EP-2) |
93.3% (14/15) | 25% (1/4) | 19.2% (10/52) | |||
| 22 | P4 Accessory marginal tubercle | 2/2 (EP-2) |
93.8% (15/16) | 14.9% (7/47) | ||||
| 24 | P4 Two-rooted premolars | 2/2 (EP-2) |
40% (2/5) | 0% (0/6) | 4.3% (2/47) | |||
| 27 | Three-rooted P3 | 2/2 (EP-1) |
0% (0/9) | 0% (0/5) | 0% (0/46) | 0% (0/599) | ||
| 28 | P3 Tomes’s Root | 2/2 (EP-2) |
64.8% (142/219) | 19.9% N = 1371 | ||||
| 39 | M1 Carabelli’s trait (Dushan 1 has special expression) |
2/2 (EP-1+ EP-2) |
45% (9/20) | 21.4% (3/14) | 9.7% (27/279) | 100% (2/2) | 50% N = 20 |
1.9–36.0% N = 2426 |
| 49 | M1 protostylid (Dushan 1 has special expression) |
2/2 (EP-1+ EP-2) |
53.9% (7/13) | 18.2% (2/11) | 18.3% (63/345) | 3.2% N = 31 |
18.7% N = 2362 |
|
| 60 | Three-rooted M1 | 2/2 (Hs) |
7.7% (1/13) | 0% (0/15) | 24.2% (15/62) | 0–31.1% | ||
| 62 | Complex occlusal morphology at EDJ of molars | 5/5 (EP-2) |
100% (16/16) | 15.2% (5/33) | 5.2% (8/153) | |||
| 63 | Buccal basal swelling C1- M3 C1- M3 |
2/2 2/2 (EP-2) |
54.6–63.6% N = 19 55.6–88.9% N = 22 |
14.6% N = 82 12.9% N = 70 |
0–25.7% N = 101 0–12.9% N = 126 |
|||
| 65 | Crown buccal vertical groove complex | Present (Unique + EP-1) |
Absent | Absent | Absent N = 5 |
Weakly expressed (La Quina H18) |
||
| 66 | Tooth size proportions I1-C1/P3-M3 |
0.32 (Hs) |
0.40 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.42 | 0.36 | |
| 67 | Tooth size proportions I1-C1/P3-M3 |
0.26 (Hs) |
0.27 | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.31 | 0.26 | |
| 68 | Molar size % increase M1– M2 |
−0.5/+2.6 N = 2 (EP-2) |
Mean = −1.4 − 11.5/+6.3 N = 6 |
Mean = 1.2 −3.1/+9.9 N = 8 |
Mean = −5.0 −14.2/+4.8 N = 174 |
+4/+9 N = 5 | −15/+5 N = 250 | |
| 69 | Molar size % increase M2– M3 |
−1.3/−0.9 N = 2 (EP-2) |
Mean = −2.8 −13.1/+6.3 N = 5 |
Mean = −3.7 −6.4/+4.7 N = 5 |
Mean = −2.6 −18.9/+18.0 N = 124 |
−10/0 N = 5 | −15/+14 N = 211 | |
Morphological status of Dushan Cave in the parentheses.
‘EP-1’: a primitive condition shared with the Africa Austrapithecus and early Homo.
‘EP-2’: a primitive condition shared with the Eurasia archaic Homo.
‘Hs’: a derived condition shared with H. sapiens.
‘Hs-Eu’: a derived condition shared with European H. sapiens or Neanderthal.
‘unique’: a unique condition restricted to Dushan Cave.