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Schematics depicting local regulation of cAMP in the NKA/PLM microdomain and its changes in heart failure. In healthy ARVMs, NKA/PLM is in close functional proximity to the β2-AR and PDE3. In disease, receptor and PDE redistribution disrupts the proper β2-AR signalling to cAMP/PKA/PLM. Local increase of PDE2 mediated effects and a decrease of PDE3 co-localization with the microdomain can be detected in disease.
