Table 4.
Adjusted changes in metabolic variables in patients with schizophrenia
| Placebo group (n = 30) |
Vitamin D plus probiotics group (n = 30) |
P1 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| PANSS subscales | |||
| Negative | −1.9 ± 0.6 | −4.0 ± 0.6 | 0.03 |
| Positive | −0.4 ± 0.6 | −0.2 ± 0.6 | 0.82 |
| General | 0.7 ± 0.7 | −3.5 ± 0.7 | < 0.001 |
| Total | −1.8 ± 1.4 | −7.5 ± 1.4 | 0.007 |
| BPRS | 2.7 ± 1.6 | −2.4 ± 1.6 | 0.03 |
| 25-OH-vitamin D (ng/mL) | 0.2 ± 0.5 | 9.1 ± 0.5 | < 0.001 |
| TAC (mmol/L) | −22.3 ± 17.2 | 52.7 ± 17.2 | 0.004 |
| GSH (μmol/L) | 16.6 ± 20.4 | 107.7 ± 20.4 | 0.004 |
| MDA (μmol/L) | 0.2 ± 0.1 | −0.3 ± 0.1 | < 0.001 |
| hs-CRP (mg/L) | −0.2 ± 0.3 | −2.4 ± 0.3 | < 0.001 |
| NO (μmol/L) | 0.8 ± 0.5 | 0.4 ± 0.5 | 0.61 |
| FPG (mg/dL) | −0.7 ± 1.6 | −6.5 ± 1.6 | 0.01 |
| Insulin (μIU/mL) | 0.5 ± 0.4 | −2.7 ± 0.4 | < 0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 0.1 ± 0.1 | −0.8 ± 0.1 | < 0.001 |
| QUICKI | 0.0001 ± 0.003 | 0.01 ± 0.003 | < 0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 11.5 ± 4.9 | −9.1 ± 4.9 | 0.005 |
| VLDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 2.3 ± 1.0 | −1.8 ± 1.0 | 0.005 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 6.6 ± 3.1 | −5.6 ± 3.1 | 0.007 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 5.1 ± 2.7 | −3.1 ± 2.7 | 0.04 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | −0.6 ± 1.1 | −0.9 ± 1.1 | 0.87 |
| Total−/HDL-cholesterol ratio | 0.3 ± 0.1 | −0.04 ± 0.1 | 0.06 |
All values are means± SEs. Values are adjusted for baseline values, age and BMI at baseline
1 Obtained from ANCOVA
BPRS Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; FPG Fasting plasma glucose; GSH Total glutathione; HOMA-IR Homeostasis model of assessment-estimated insulin resistance; hs-CRP High-sensitivity C-reactive protein; MDA Malondialdehyde; NO Nitric oxide; PANSS Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; QUICKI Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index; TAC Total antioxidant capacity