Fig. 3.

Summary of the various clinical and experimental approaches that have been used to promote coronary collateral-mediated cardioprotection in ischemic heart disease. CFI, collateral flow index; ECP, external counterpulsation; EECP, enhanced external counterpulsation; ISRT, individual shear rate therapy; FMD, flow-mediated dilation; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; G-CSF, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; MCP1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; FGF, fibroblast growth factor. This figure was created by modifying graphic elements freely available from Servier Medical Art (https://smart.servier.com/) under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.