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. 2019 Feb 14;13:51. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00051

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Copyright © 2019 Russell, Jun, Sarkar, Geldenhuys, Lewis, Rellick and Simpkins.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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TNF-α significantly alters microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles. TNF-α exposure did not significantly alter intracellular expression of miR-34a (A; F_(3,32) = 1.29, p = 0.2951), but did induce a dose-dependent increase in miR-34a expression within EVs (B; F_(3,31) = 30.00, p < 0.0001). Conversely, TNF-α exposure induced intracellular upregulation of miR-146a which trended towards significance (C; F_(3,32) = 2.92, p = 0.0643), as well as a significant, dose-dependent increases within EVs (D; F_(3,31) = 13.15, p < 0.0001). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, and ****p < 0.0001.