Table 1.
Avian influenza viruses isolated from wild birds sampled in Egypt during 2003–2018. The virus pathotype (highly pathogenic avian influenza [HPAI], low pathogenic avian influenza [LPAI] or not determined [n/d]) are indicated for viruses of the H5 subtype, remaining viruses were LPAI.
| Subtypes | Species | Year | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| H1N1 | Northern shoveler (Spatula clypeata) | 2003; 2005; 2006 | [50] |
| Eurasian green-winged teal (Anas crecca crecca) | 2004; 2007 | [50] | |
| Northern pintail (Anas acuta) | 2012 | [17] | |
| H1N2 | Eurasian green-winged teal (Anas crecca crecca) | 2003 | [50] |
| H2N8 | Northern shoveler (Spatula clypeata) | 2007 | [50] |
| H3N1 | Wild bird | 1970s | [47] |
| H3N8 | Ducks | 1990s | [57] |
| H4N1 | Ducks | 1970s | [47] |
| H4N6 | Ducks | 1976 | [48] |
| Eurasian green-winged teal (Anas crecca crecca) | 2005 | [50] | |
| H5Nx | Rock dove (Columbia livia) | 2005 n/d | [58] |
| H5N1 | Great egret (Ardea alba) | 2006 HPAI | [50] |
| Eurasian green-winged teal (Anas crecca crecca) | 2005 LPAI & HPAI | [51] | |
| Cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis) | 2014 HPAI | [60]* | |
| Crow (Corvus sp.) | 2007 HPAI | [60]* | |
| H5N2 | Northern shoveler (Spatula clypeata) | 2003 LPAI | [50] |
| H5N8 | Eurasian coot (Fulica atra) | 2016 HPAI | [3] |
| Eurasian green-winged teal (Anas crecca crecca) | 2016 HPAI | [55] [60*] | |
| H6N2 | Northern shoveler (Spatula clypeata) | 2003; 2006 | [15,50] |
| Whiskered tern (Chlidonias hybrida) | 2004 | [60*] | |
| Wild duck | 2005 | [66] | |
| Eurasian green-winged teal (Anas crecca crecca) | 2006 | [50] | |
| H7Nx | Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) | 2012 | [60*] |
| Northern shoveler (Spatula clypeata) | 2010 | [60*] | |
| H7N1 | Northern shoveler (Spatula clypeata) | 2004; 2012 | [17,50] |
| H7N3 | Northern shoveler (Spatula clypeata) | 2006; 2007 | [50] |
| H7N7 | Eurasian green-winged teal (Anas crecca crecca) | 2004 | [50] |
| Northern shoveler (Spatula clypeata) | 2004 | [50] | |
| Black Kite (Milvus migrans) | 2005 | [59] | |
| Egyptian Goose (Alopochen aegyptiaca) | 2006 | [50] | |
| H7N9 | Northern shoveler (Spatula clypeata) | 2006; 2007 | [50] |
| H9N9 | Northern pintail (Anas acuta) | 2005 | [50] |
| H10N1 | Eurasian green-winged teal (Anas crecca crecca) | 2003; 2005 | [50] |
| Northern shoveler (Spatula clypeata) | 2006 | [50] | |
| H10N4 | Northern shoveler (Spatula clypeata) | 2007 | [50] |
| H10N7 | Northern shoveler (Spatula clypeata) | 2004; 2007 | [50],[60*] |
| Eurasian green-winged teal (Anas crecca crecca) | 2005; 2007 | [50] | |
| Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) | 2012 | [17] | |
| Northern pintail (Anas acuta) | 2012 | [17] | |
| H10N9 | Northern shoveler (Spatula clypeata) | 2006 | [50] |
| Eurasian green-winged teal (Anas crecca crecca) | 2007 | [50] | |
| H11N6 | Wild duck | 1976 | [48] |
| H11N9 | Eurasian green-winged teal (Anas crecca crecca) | 2004 | [50] |
| H13N8 | Eurasian green-winged teal (Anas crecca crecca) | 2005 | [49] |
*Virus isolate not described but data was obtained from the NIAID Influenza Research Database (IRD) [60] through the website at http://www.fludb.org