Table 1.
Demographic and baseline clinical characteristics by treatment group.
|
n (%)1 |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Seeking Safety (n = 111) |
RPT (n = 115) |
TAU (n = 117) |
Total (n = 343) |
| Demographic | ||||
| Age, mean (SD) | 41.5 (11.7) | 40.3 (11.3) | 41.1 (11.2) | 40.9 (11.4) |
| School years complete, median (range) | 10 (7–13) | 10 (7–13) | 11 (7–13) | 10 (7–13) |
| Born in Germany | 101 (91.0) | 108 (93.9) | 101 (86.3) | 310 (90.4) |
| Married | 17 (15.3) | 21 (18.3) | 18 (15.4) | 56 (16.3) |
| Unemployed or marginally employed | 89 (80.2) | 90 (78.3) | 88 (75.2) | 267 (77.8) |
| Monthly household net income < €1000 | 59 (53.2) | 61 (53.5)a | 66 (56.4) | 186 (54.4) |
| Substance use disorder | ||||
| Alcohol | 88 (79.3) | 100 (87.0) | 102 (87.2) | 293 (85.4) |
| Sedatives | 40 (37.0)b | 38 (33.0) | 28 (23.9) | 106 (31.2) |
| Cannabis | 53 (49.1)b | 58 (50.4) | 54 (46.2) | 165 (48.5) |
| Stimulants | 30 (27.5)c | 25 (21.7) | 41 (35.0) | 96 (28.2) |
| Opiates | 24 (21.8)d | 26 (22.6) | 23 (19.7) | 73 (21.3) |
| Cocaine | 34 (31.5)b | 29 (25.2) | 34 (29.1) | 97 (28.5) |
| 30-day abstinence | 28 (25.2) | 22 (19.1) | 23 (19.7) | 73 (21.3) |
| Prior substance abuse treatment | 74 (66.7) | 75 (65.2) | 77 (66.4)e | 226 (66.1) |
| Childhood traumaf | ||||
| Emotional abuse | 84 (77.1)c | 99 (86.1) | 84 (72.4)e | 267 (78.5)* |
| Physical abuse | 51 (45.9) | 71 (61.7) | 57 (48.7) | 179 (52.2)* |
| Sexual abuse | 80 (72.1) | 91 (79.1) | 78 (67.2)e | 249 (72.8) |
| Emotional neglect | 77 (70.0)d | 98 (86.0)a | 86 (73.5) | 261 (76.5)* |
| Physical neglect | 64 (58.2)d | 79 (68.7) | 66 (56.4) | 209 (61.1) |
| Lifetime traumatic experiences | ||||
| Serious accident | 43 (38.7) | 37 (32.5)a | 36 (31.3)g | 116 (34.1) |
| Natural disaster | 1 (0.9) | 2 (1.8)h | 7 (6.1)a | 10 (3.0) |
| Family non-sexual assault | 80 (72.1) | 83 (72.8)a | 87 (75.0)e | 250 (73.3) |
| Stranger non-sexual assault | 57 (51.8)d | 53 (46.5)a | 48 (41.7)g | 158 (46.6) |
| Family sexual assault | 70 (63.1) | 79 (69.3)a | 61 (52.6)e | 210 (61.6)* |
| Stranger sexual assault | 69 (62.7)d | 61 (53.5)a | 64 (55.2)e | 194 (57.1) |
| Military combat | 1 (0.9) | 1 (0.9)h | 2 (1.7)g | 4 (1.2) |
| Sexual contact (< 18 years/partner 5+ years older) | 75 (67.6) | 89 (78.1)a | 77 (65.8) | 241 (70.5) |
| Captivity/Imprisonment | 13 (11.8)d | 19 (16.7)a | 14 (12.2)g | 46 (13.6) |
| Torture | 7 (6.4)d | 15 (13.3)h | 11 (9.6)g | 33 (9.8) |
| Life-threatening illness | 27 (24.3) | 23 (20.2)a | 28 (24.3)g | 78 (22.9) |
| Other traumatic event | 70 (64.2)c | 69 (62.2)i | 68 (60.7)j | 207 (62.3) |
| PTSD/Treatment | ||||
| Subthreshold PTSD | 26 (23.4) | 28 (24.3) | 31 (26.5) | 85 (24.8) |
| Prior trauma treatment | 30 (27.0) | 31 (27.0) | 19 (16.4)e | 80 (23.4) |
| Current mental health comorbidity | ||||
| Major depression | 44 (40.0)d | 56 (49.1)a | 53 (45.3) | 153 (44.9) |
| Anxiety disorder | 69 (62.2) | 73 (63.5) | 79 (67.5) | 221 (64.4) |
| Ever attempted suicide | 63 (56.8) | 67 (58.3) | 67 (58.3)g | 197 (57.8) |
| No. of suicide attempts, median (range) | 2 (1–25)k | 2 (1–20)l | 2 (1–50) | 2 (1–50) |
1If not otherwise specified. a n = 114. b n = 108. c n = 109. d n = 110. e n = 116. f At least moderate to severe (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire). g n = 115. h n = 113. i n = 111. j n = 112. k n = 62. l n = 66. * Significant between-group difference with p < .05. RPT = Relapse Prevention Training, TAU = treatment as usual.