Table 3a.

Example Nutritional Intervention Studies Focusing on Different Measures and Outcomes.

Category	Measures	Author (Year)	PMID	N	Nutritional Component	Study Design	Outcome
Cognitive, Mental, Behavioral Health	Mood, Quality of Life, Sleep, Sexual Function	Martin (2016)	27136347	218	Caloric Restriction of 25% versus ad lib diet for 2 years	Randomized Control Trial	Caloric Restriction group had significantly improved mood, reduced tension, sleep duration, sexual drive and general health.
	Depression Scale	Rahe (2014)	24468939	16 studies	Mediterranean Diet (MD) Western Diet (WD)	Systematic Review	MD - Lower risk of depression WD - Higher risk of depression
		Tiemeier (2002)	12450964	3,884	Vitamin B12 and Folate deficiency	Cross-sectional survey	Higher risk of depression
		Jacka (2010)	20048020	1,046	‘Traditional’ diet with fish, vegetables and fiber	Cross-sectional survey	Lower risk of depression
	Quality of Life, Karnofsky Performance Status, Cognitive Function, Global Health Status	van der Meij (2012)	22234041	40	Supplements with Polyunsaturated fatty acids	Double-blind Randomized Control Trial	Improvements in all categories for Lung Cancer patients taking supplements versus those not taking supplements.
	Cognition scores	Lemaire (2010)	20712911	20	Frequent small healthy meals versus baseline diet	Cross Over Trial	Score on cognitive testing significantly improved with healthy meals.
	Sleep	Afaghi (2008)	17284739	12	High carbohydrate meals	Cross-over Trial	High carbohydrate meal given 4 hours versus 1 hour before sleep shortened sleep-onset latency
		Killer (2015)	26406911	13	High versus moderate carbohydrate diet	Cross-over trial	Sleep time was significantly higher in moderate carbohydrate group
Physiologic and Metabolic Function	Body weight, sleep and energy levels	Gill (2015)	26411343	8	Time-restricted eating	Non-randomized observational cohort study	Decreased body weight, improved sleep and energy levels when eating restricted to 10 hour time periods
	Insulin resistance, highly sensitive C-reactive Protein (hs-CRP), adiponectin	Jennings (2014)	24336456	1,997	Flavonoid intake	Cross-sectional survey	High flavone and anthocyanin intake associated with lower peripheral insulin resistance. Higher anthocyanin associated with lower hs-CRP. Higher flavone intake associated with improved adiponectin concentrations.
	Weight loss	Look AHEAD Research Group (2013)	23796131	5145	Caloric restriction with meal replacement for diabetics versus normal diet.	Randomized Control Trial	Greater weight loss in intervention group.
		Brehm (2003)	12679447	53	Very low carbohydrate versus low fat diet	Randomized Control Trial	Very low carbohydrate group lost more weight.
	Weight loss, Fat Free Mass, Fat Mass	Gomes (2016)	27885532	34	Whey protein supplementation versus not	Randomized Control Trial	Intervention group lost more weight than control group
	Blood Pressure, blood glucose and lipids	Domenech (2014)	24799608	235	Mediterranean Diet, olive oil or nut supplements	Randomized Control Trial	Reduced blood pressure, blood glucose and lipids in intervention group.
	Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)	Elias (2010)	20022466	31	Caloric restriction	Non-randomized observational cohort study	Significant improvements in liver function tests, insulin resistance, visceral fat, liver density and high density lipoprotein levels.
	Blood gene expression levels	Leonardson (2010)	19837700	40	Fasting state versus fed state	Cross-over trial	Significant differences in gene expression between fasted and fed states.