Table 2.
Mean (SD) values for primary and secondary outcomes at each time point.
| Variable | Baseline, mean (SD) | 3 months, mean (SD) | 6 months, mean (SD) | ||||
|
|
Comparison (n=44) | Intervention (n=42) | Comparison (n=40) | Intervention (n=38) | Comparison (n=40) | Intervention (n=38) | |
| Body mass index (BMI) | 17.28 (1.44) | 16.72 (0.92) | 16.99 (1.25) | 16.46 (0.80) | 16.87 (1.24) | 16.51 (0.75) | |
| Median BMI percentile range | 85 to ≤95 | 75 to ≤85 | 85 to ≤95 | 75 to ≤85 | 85 to ≤95 | 75 to ≤85 | |
| kJ/kg of body weighta | 330.43 (125.08) | 343.64 (112.01) | 296.24 (114.64) | 303.75 (120.15) | 296.20 (82.05) | 327.60 (104.06)b | |
| Percentage of kJ from sugara | 22.24 (6.75 | 20.14 (7.01) | 21.15 (7.30) | 20.83 (6.02) | 19.29 (7.01) | 19.54 (6.95)b | |
| Percentage of kJ from saturated fata | 12.52 (4.77) | 11.74 (3.95) | 11.58 (3.84) | 11.37 (3.91) | 12.50 (3.74) | 11.00 (3.90)b | |
| Servings of fruitc | 2.91 (1.03) | 2.52 (0.92) | 2.95 (0.96) | 2.47 (0.83) | 2.88 (1.04) | 2.53 (0.86) | |
| Servings of vegetablesc | 2.34 (1.08) | 2.62 (1.27) | 2.53 (1.22) | 2.84 (1.22) | 2.65 (1.05) | 2.97 (1.28) | |
| Discretionary food frequency scored | 11.73 (2.86) | 11.21 (3.82) | 11.60 (2.73) | 9.82 (3.21) | 11.90 (2.29) | 10.40 (3.22) | |
| Nutrition self-efficacye | 7.94 (1.13) | 8.19 (1.36) | 8.28 (1.19) | 8.69 (0.97) | 8.30 (1.22) | 8.89 (0.89) | |
| Child feeding–restrictionf | 3.60 (0.92) | 3.630 (0.78) | 3.73 (0.84) | 3.69 (0.75) | 3.58 (0.89) | 3.66 (0.79) | |
| Child feeding–pressuref | 2.34 (0.98) | 2.52 (0.99) | 2.34 (1.09) | 2.17 (1.08) | 2.43 (1.04) | 2.14 (0.99) | |
| Parent modelingg | 3.95 (0.76) | 3.98 (0.79) | 3.93 (0.85) | 4.18 (0.55) | 4.16 (0.73) | 4.36 (0.54) | |
| Sleep reluctanceh | 3.00 (1.24) | 2.36 (1.06) | 2.65 (1.00) | 2.13 (0.99) | 2.68 (0.97) | 2.24 (1.14)b | |
| Sleep | n=34 | n=34 | n=19 | n=28 | n=20 | n=21 | |
|
|
Duration (hours)i | 9.59 (0.93) | 9.85 (0.78) | 9.74 (0.72) | 9.91 (0.62) | 9.78 (0.96) | 9.54 (0.64) |
|
|
Latency (minutes)i | 19.92 (16.55) | 20.98 (14.41) | 19.97 (18.05) | 16.44 (11.91) | 22.19 (11.85) | 25.00 (18.03) |
| Screen time | n=44 | n=41 | n=40 | n=38 | n=40 | n=38 | |
|
|
Week day (hours)j | 2.52 (2.55) | 2.82 (3.87) | 1.37 (1.06) | 1.73 (2.47) | 2.20 (2.91) | 1.26 (0.99) |
|
|
Weekend day (hours)j | 2.94 (1.98) | 3.15 (2.95) | 2.31 (1.56) | 1.84 (1.43) | 2.68 (2.33) | 2.04 (1.39) |
| Percentage activity | n=34 | n=35 | n=27 | n=31 | n=26 | n=27 | |
|
|
Sedentary timei | 46.28 (7.98) | 47.44 (11.09) | 48.28 (7.87) | 49.17 (4.03) | 46.45 (6.21) | 49.47 (5.56) |
|
|
Light, moderate, and vigorous physical activityi | 27.74 (7.40) | 25.82 (6.24) | 26.18 (6.16) | 25.61 (4.38) | 27.73 (5.42) | 25.44 (4.93) |
|
|
Moderate-to-vigorous physical activityi | 13.88 (5.04) | 12.02 (3.60) | 13.56 (4.43) | 12.91 (3.70) | 14.38 (4.11) | 13.01 (3.77) |
aCalculated from 24-hour diet recall using Easy Diet Diary/Foodworks.
bn=37.
cFrom food questionnaire.
dScored from food questionnaire questions on frequency of intake of takeaway or fast food; sugary cereals; potato chips or other salty foods; sweets; and cakes, doughnuts, sweet cookies, or muffins. Responses of never or rarely, 1 to 3 times per month, 1 to 2 times per week, 3 to 4 times per week, 5 to 6 times per week, once per day, and 2 or more times per day were coded as 1 to 6, respectively, and summed to obtain a discretionary food score.
eSelf-efficacy questionnaire.
fChild-feeding questionnaire.
gParent modeling questionnaire.
hFrom sleep questionnaire.
iAccelerometer measures.
jFrom screen time questionnaire.