| NMR | Nuclear magnetic resonance |
| DFT | Density functional theory |
| HOMO | Highest occupied molecular orbital |
| LUMO | Lowest occupied molecular orbital |
| DDQ | 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone |
| THF | Tetrahydrofuran |
| TICT | Twisted intramolecular charge transfer |
| HR-APCI-TOF-MS | High-resolution atmospheric-pressure-chemical-ionization time-of-flight mass-spectrometry |
| MO | Molecular orbital |
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