Figure 2.

Flowchart for the synthesis of IONPs by co-precipitation [19]. In this example, Fe₃O₄ NPs are prepared from a mixture of FeSO₄ and FeCl₃ in the molar ratio of 1:2. Magnetic phase and particle size can be adjusted by varying Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ ratio, temperature, pH, and the type of base used.