Table 1.
IONP synthesis techniques and comparison with respect to their different parameters.
| Methods | Temperature | Time | Size | Magnetic Properties | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Co-precipitation | 20–150 °C | minutes | 5–40 nm | Ms = 36.8 emu∙g−1 | [17,18,20,51] |
| Thermal decomposition | 100–350 °C | hours-days | 4–30 nm | Ms = 13.4–49.5 A∙m2∙kg−1 | [22,25,52] |
| Microemulsion | 20–80 °C | hours | 10–25 nm |
Ms = 81 emu∙g−1 Mr = 10 emu∙g−1 Hc = 130 Oe |
[28,53] |
| Hydrothermal | 150–280 °C | hours-days | 10–800 nm |
Ms = 35–40 emu∙g−1 Hc = 0.6–15.7 Oe |
[31,32,33,54] |
| Polyol | 130–220 °C | hours | 4–100 nm | Ms = 197–243 emu∙g−1 | [37,38] |
| Sol-gel | 25–200 °C | hours | 15–50 nm | Ms = 37.5 emu∙g−1 | [39,55,56] |
| Biomineralization | 80 °C | hours | ~140 nm | Ms = 92–100 A∙m2∙kg−1 | [43,44] |
| Sputter deposition | 100–800 °C | hours | 5–100 nm |
Ms = 48–71 emu∙g−1 Mr = 2.5–5 emu∙g−1 Hc = 160–220 Oe |
[45,46,47,48,49,50] |