Table 5.

Welding parameters used in welding simulations. cooling medium: free air in temperature 20°C, preheating temperature: 65°C.

Process	EPUL (J/mm)	v (mm/s)	k	Heat Source Model Parameters *
Laser	330	33.3	0.8	2.5/2.0/8.0
Hybrid (laser)	250		0.8	2.5/2.0/9.0
Hybrid (MAG)	230		0.8	9.0/7.0/3.0

EPUL—energy per unit length, v—welding speed, k—welding method efficiency factor; * heat source model parameters (in SYSWELD): for 3D conical model (laser)—top diameter of weld/bottom diameter of weld/penetration; for double-ellipsoidal model (MAG)—molten pool length/molten pool width/penetration.