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. 2019 Feb 21;4:4. doi: 10.1038/s41536-019-0069-4

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Structural and clinical results. a Histological results of patient biopsies and results from clinical evaluations are shown. Biopsies were taken 12 months postoperatively from areas of regenerated cartilage. Histological sections of samples from all patients stained strongly for Safranin O; scale bar = 500 μm. Immunostaining showed strong expression of type II collagen (COL2) in all patients and weak expressions of type I collagen (COL1) near the articular cartilage surface in patients 1, 2, and 6. b KOOS was used to assess the effects on knee-related parameters pre- and postoperatively. The patient averages for all KOOS subscores improved significantly from the baseline and indicated recovery of function in sport and recreation (Sport/Rec) after the patients were permitted to return to such activities. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. ADL, activities of daily living; QOL, quality of life. c Patient averages for LKS improved significantly from the baseline. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. d Correlational analysis was used to select a gene marker set predictive of overall KOOS at 12 months postoperatively (ACAN, CSGALNACT1, BMP6, PTGS2, POU5F1, and CXCL6); e LKS at 12 months postoperatively (GATA6, LECT1, GDF5, ADAMTS5, SP7, and MATN2); and f OARSI histological score (ACAN, BMP6, POU5F1, CXCL6, VEGFA, and PTGS2)