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. 2019 Feb 21;9:2526. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-38920-0

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) LDA utilizing six VOCs to discriminate between mouse urine with and without breast cancer with 100% sensitivity and specificity, (b) LDA utilizing six different VOCs to discriminate between mouse urine that was collected from mice that had cancer injected in the mammary pad (localized) and mice that had cancer cells injected in the iliac artery (metastasized) with 100% sensitivity and specificity and (c) LDA using nine VOCs to perfectly discriminate between mouse urine that was collected from all three classes (localized, metastasized and no cancer).