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. 2019 Feb 22;9:2595. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-39486-7

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Biomarker expression in photoaged cells at gene and protein levels. (A) Relative mRNA expression of IL-6, IL-8 and MMP-2 compared with untreated cells. Data are represented as fold-changes. GAPDH was the internal reference gene in RT-PCR. (B) Concentrations of IL-6 and IL-8 in culture supernatants collected after exposure were examined using ELISA kits. Protein expression of MMP-2 after exposure to CeO₂ NP or UVA radiation was determined by western blotting. β-Actin was the loading control for western blotting. Data are representative of three separate experiments. Data are the mean ± SD. *p < 0.05, compared with the control group. ^#p < 0.05, compared with the group treated only with UVA radiation.