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. 2019 Feb 21;9:2494. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-39579-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of modified gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on cell division and proliferation. (a) The Colony forming efficiency assay was performed on cell treated with modified AuNPs (10 μg/ml). MUAM-AuNPs treated cells did not form colonies over 50 cells. The number of colonies also decreased slightly in CP2-AuNP treated cells. (b) The effect of modified AuNPs on DNA replication was analysed. MUAM-AuNPs inhibited DNA replication near to completion. (c and d) AuNPs-induced DNA damage was monitored using the Comet Assay. Measurements of % tail DNA (c) and tail moment (d) suggest severe DNA damage in MUAM-AuNPs treated samples (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, one-way ANOVA).